政府采购方式的国际比较

政府采购方式就是指政府在采购货物、工程和服务时应采取什么方式和形式来实现.了解各国政府采购规则中采购方式的规定,对完善我国政府采购方式,降低政府采购成本,提高政府采购效率,有非常重要的现实意义.     

覆行监督职能 实行阳光采购

按照财政部、监察部、审计署、国家预防腐败局统一部署，我市开展了政府采购执行情况专项检查。这次专项检查工作分自查自纠、重点检查、整改提高和验收总结四个阶段。重点检查内容是：采购预算编制和实际执行情况；采购模式、采购合同履行情况；内部制度建设是否完善；是否做到“应采尽采”；有无举报质疑投诉等。从政府采购的实践情况来看，必须进一步履行监督职能，实行阳光采购。     

利用科技手段实现阳光采购

门头沟区政府采购采购中心自2004年成立以来,在各级领导的高度重视、监督和指导下,以公开、公平、公正为准则,不断夯实基础工作,完善制度建设,发挥政府采购的政策功能。为更好提高采购效率,保证政府采购的廉洁高效,使政府采购操作置于阳光之下、制度之中,中心在2008年底开展了电子化系统建设。     

政府电子采购、供应链管理与信息化、——基于供应链管理信息化模型

随着政府采购的范围扩大，电子采购的兴起，政府采购的传统模式日显不足，弊端重重，不符合公平、公正、透明、高效的内在要求。政府采购信息化管理是在整个采购过程中，以供应链管理为依托，实现管理的系统化、网络化和智能化，使信息及时共享，让采购更阳光。本文先从理论上论证，政府采购与信息化管理之间存在内在的联系，政府采购需要信息化，信息化让采购更阳光，再探讨政府采购信息化管理模式。然后以‘跻宁模式”为案例说明，政府采购信息化管理是我国政府采购及其管理改革的方向，集成式信息运行模式是理想选择。     

履行监督职能 实行阳光采购

按照财政部、监察部、审计署、国家预防腐败局统一部署,我市开展了政府采购执行情况专项检查.这次专项检查工作分自查自纠、重点检查、整改提高和验收总结四个阶段.重点检查内容是:采购预算编制和实际执行情况;采购模式、采购合同履行情况;内部制度建设是否完善;是否做到"应采尽采";有无举报质疑投诉等.从政府采购的实践情况来看,必须进一步履行监督职能,实行阳光采购.     

公立医院招标采购工作存在的问题及管理对策

公立医院是国家事业单位,是政府财政性资金支出的主要组成部分之一,每家公立医院每年约有上亿元财政性资金通过招标采购方式支出。目前我国政府招标采购还存在很多问题,政府组织、招标代理机构、采购人(医疗机构)、供应商行为等影响着政府采购政策效果。学术界研究集中在政府采购制度安排、监督机制以及政府采购部门和供应商行为等,缺乏对"采购人"微观主体行为的研究,实际上作为"采购人"招标采购管理工作最终影响着采购的质量和效果。"采购人"内部合理的招标采购管理可提高政府财政资金支出的经济性和效益性,节约财政采购资金,提高采购效率。     

以电子化促进政府采购科学化精细化——安徽省政府采购电子化平台探析

随着政府采购规模和范围的不断扩大,政府采购工作日益向深度和广度推进,电子化平台建设已成为当前政府采购发展的客观要求。电子化采购平台不仅能使政府采购更加公开化、透明化,方便采购当事人实施采购活动,而且能够有效地提高采购效率,实现政府采购科学化、精细化管理。2010年1月,财政部表示将加快推     

济宁电子化政府采购平台的建设之路

"政府采购电子化是一个世界性的发展趋势,是中国政府采购发展的必然方向.启动电子化政府采购平台是政府采购信息化建设道路上迈出的具有里程碑意义的重要一步,将在扩大采购规模、提高采购效率、降低采购成本、促进采购过程的公开透明等方面得到有效提升,使政府采购工作提高到一个新的水平."山东省济宁市政府采购中心主任冯伟华在全市电子化政府采购平台启动仪式上作了这样的发言.     

加强政府采购监管调研报告——以弥勒市为例

政府采购监管是财政监督职能的延伸和发展。主要目的是维护政府采购过程中的各方权益，做到公开、公平、公正；规范采购行为，提高采购效率的保证，促进政府采购工作沿着健康的市场经济道路发展。本文为了做好政府采购监管、规范政采行为、提高采购效率和资金使用效益，特对弥勒市政府采购监管情况进行了调查，并对存在问题提出了相应的建议。     

规范化运作高效率采购努力开创罗湖采购工作新局面

2005年,罗湖区政府采购工作在区委、区政府的正 确领导下,在区财政局、区监察局的大力支持和有关部 门的通力配合下,按照《深圳经济特区政府采购条例》 的要求,不断加大采购力度,大力规范采购行为,提高 了采购效率,降低了采购成本,较好地完成年度采购任 务,为罗湖区财政收支平衡做出了积极贡献。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.