房地产价格波动与银行稳定

本文构建房地产市场与银行信贷市场传导机制,从理论上分析了银行信贷对房价上涨具有推动作用,房地产价格波动会通过银行反馈机制影响银行稳定。本文认为,货币供应量与房价波动的联动变化剧烈,房价波动、信贷波动是影响我国银行稳定的因素,银行反馈机制将会引起信贷收缩以及进一步的房价波动。     

房地产价格波动与银行稳定

本文构建房地产市场与银行信贷市场传导机制,从理论上分析了银行信贷对房价上涨具有推动作用,房地产价格波动会通过银行反馈机制影响银行稳定。本文认为,货币供应量与房价波动的联动变化剧烈,房价波动、信贷波动是影响我国银行稳定的因素,银行反馈机制将会引起信贷收缩以及进一步的房价波动。     

土地价格、房地产信贷规模与房价关系的实证研究

本文选取2000年1季度到2013年1季度我国房地产业的时间序列数据,通过构建计量模型分析了土地价格、房地产信贷规模和房屋销售价格之间的相互关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:土地价格和房地产信贷规模与房价均呈正向变动的关系,房地产信贷规模对房价的影响远大于土地价格对房价的影响。因此,必须控制房地产信贷供应量,合理调整房地产信贷结构,以达到稳定房地产市场价格的目的。     

中国信贷支持与房地产价格波动——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

本文利用1995-2010年的季度数据,通过建立结构向量自回归模型(SVAR)对中国的信贷支持(货币供给,信贷,利率)与房地产价格的动态关系和相互影响进行了实证研究.研究表明:货币供给扩张和利率紧缩都对房价产生稳定的长期拉动效应,但是房价上涨对货币供给的影响侧重于短期的收缩效应,而对利率的影响则偏重于长期的拉动作用;信贷扩张对房价存在为长期的推动作用,而房价上涨对信贷同时存在短期的拉动效应和长期的推动作用.基于此,本文认为货币供给工具和信贷工具以盯住房价为目标是可行的,而利率工具不宜盯住房价.     

房地产信贷、价格及市场供求关系研究

本文通过对2000年以来上海房地产信贷与房地产市场关系的实证分析,发现房地产信贷对房地产市场的影响主要表现在需求方而不是供应方,房地产信贷增长对房地产价格和房地产销售量增长有明显的促进作用,但对房地产开发投资没有明显的影响。房地产信贷增长主要由银行流动性状况决定,而不取决于房地产市场状况,但房地产市场供需状况会影响到房地产信贷结构变化,在价格上升时个人购房贷款增长明显,在价格下降时开发贷款增长明显。在短期内,银行信贷可作为平稳房地产市场波动的手段之一,但对于长期而言,只有构建完善的住房供应体系才能保持房地产市场的长期稳定。     

我国住房信贷首付约束的差别化调控

解决房地产过度信贷和房价泡沫,出路在于实现风险和收益的合理配置,平衡银行和借款人的风险收益。本文从最优合约的风险转移理论和Allen-Gale资产价格模型出发,结合我国不同城市房价上涨幅度和房价收入比等数据,分析首付比例对不同城市或区域的房价上涨的影响状况。在此基础上,借鉴央行已有差别化调控的操作实践,建议央行在不同城市或区域实行差别化的住房信贷首付比例约束,以提高宏观调控的有效性并降低金融风险。     

南宁房地产市场泡沫测度

近十几年来,随着经济的快速发展,房价也出现了大幅度的增长。房地产泡沫问题越来越引起人们的关注。利用房价收入比、租售比、房价增长率与GDP增长率比值、房地产开发投资占全社会固定资产投资比例、以及Ramsey模型来评价判断南宁房地产市场是否存在泡沫。分析结果显示南宁曾经出现过房地产泡沫现象,但是泡沫程度并不是很严重,最近几年房地产市场发展情况基本健康稳定。     

消费信贷与房地产市场关联性的实证分析——以抚州市为例

本文通过协整检验,结合抚州市的具体实际,从实证的角度研究消费信贷与房地产市场的关联性,表明消费信贷的增加会对房价的上涨起到助推作用。并在此基础上,进一步提出扩大消费贷款规模、优化信贷结构的相关建议和路径。     

房地产市场及金融支持的个案研究

自1999年撤地设市后，在丽水市政府“大投入、大建设、大发展”战略的带动下，丽水信贷支持积极推进，经济快速发展，城市化进程迅速推进，城市集聚功能得以加强。随之房地产市场快速升温，房价大幅攀升，房地产市场和房地产金融已成为全市经济金融运行中的热点问题。因此，房地产市场及房地产金融的持续健康发展应引起我市金融部门及社会各界的密切关注。     

关于成都市房地产市场的调查与分析

近年来，国家相继出台了一系列针对房地产业的宏观调控措施。从成都市的情况看，以2007年8月国务院关于解决中低收入家庭住房困难问题的24号文件为代表的新一轮房地产业宏观调控措施出台后，房地产市场出现了一些变化的迹象，但房地产投资增长过快、房价涨幅过高等问题仍然存在。近期我们对成都市房地产市场和房地产信贷进行了专题调查，目的是想深入分析当前房地产市场和房地产信贷中存在的问题，有针对性地提出政策建议，为有关方面提供参考。     

Risk and return in residential spatial markets: An empiric and theoretic model

The paper is concerned with price and rent fluctuations in predominantly owner-occupied residental real estate. It presents the owner-occupier household as a housing consumer as well as an investor. It conjectures that since risk and return are known to be positively related in financial markets, they might also be thus related in residential real estate markets. If that is so, neighborhoods that are known to yield high returns will be the ones less price and rent stable than low yielding ones.The Capital Asset Pricing Model is not helpful in explaining a possible risk/return relationship in housing markets. Its major assumption about portfolio diversification is contrary to the nature of owner-occupied residential real estate. An owner occupier household, by definition, holds one unit of the asset and acts simultaneously as an investor and consumer of housing. For the capital market investor, investment and consumption decisions are separable. Therefore, a new theoretical model of consumer choice is proposed. Tel-Aviv price and rent data during a volatile market period are used for testing the main risk/return conjecture as well as other related hypotheses stemming from the model. The findings lend support to the conjecture and shed light on possible spatial determinants of owners' risk.     

Housing and the mortgage securities markets: Review,outlook, and policy recommendations

During the 1980s, strong demographic demand for housing created a bulging need for mortgage credit. The mortgage market has creatively accommodated this need through extensive securitization of residential mortgages. This process greatly facilitated the financing of housing demand. During this decade, however, the scheme of funding long-term mortgages with short-term deposits bankrupted savings institutions. A gigantic federal bailout for thrifts was finally required. In the 1990s, the weakening demographics and the resulting reduction in the demand for mortgage credit afford the federal government opportunities to reformulate its housing policies in terms of limiting federal insurance on consumer deposits, phasing out income tax deductibility of mortgage interest, and ensuring capital adequacy at federally sponsored credit agencies.     

Why Don't We Know More About Housing Supply?

This paper reviews the main themes in the empirical literature on housing supply and outlines suggestions for future research. Much of the literature has focused on the determinants of new housing supply, particularly the supply of single family detached homes, and the renovation and repair decisions of homeowners. We have learned a great deal from the work that has been done but many important puzzles remain. Much of the literature has focused on aggregate data because there is so little information where the unit of observation is the builder, investor, or landlord. We need to focus on bringing new data to bear on the decision-making processes of these important actors to build our understanding of the micro foundations of housing supply.     

GSE Activity,FHA Feedback,and Implications for the Efficacy of the Affordable Housing Goals

There is a seeming paradox regarding the “affordable housing goals”: GSE activities in targeted communities have increased under the goals but there has been little measurable improvement in housing market conditions in these communities. This paper seeks to reconcile this paradox by focusing on linkage between GSE purchases and FHA activities. We present a simple theoretical framework suggesting that GSE activities can have a feedback effect on FHA. More aggressive GSE pursuit of targeted borrowers under the affordable housing goals induces potential FHA borrowers with best credit quality to use the conventional market. Changes to the housing market will depend on the FHA response to the loss of its best credits, with many different possible outcomes for credit supply and homeownership, including scenarios in which they remain effectively unchanged. While market-level benefits might not be forthcoming, the shift from FHA to less costly conventional loans is clearly beneficial for affected borrowers. Two-stage least squares estimates of the relationship between GSE and FHA lending after the affordable housing goals were made more binding are found to be consistent with the theoretical predictions.

中国城镇居民住房的需求与供给

本文研究了自1980年代后期中国城镇住房商品化以来城镇居民住房的需求与供给。我们从耐用消费品需求与供给的标准理论出发,在联立方程框架下估计城镇住房的需求与供给方程,得到了需求的收入与价格弹性及供给的价格弹性的估计值。通过对1987～2006年全国城镇总体水平年度数据的分析,我们发现城镇住房价格的快速上涨主要可由需求与供给的作用解释,即人均收入和建筑成本的变化决定了房价的整体趋势。城镇住房需求的(长期)收入弹性约为1,需求的价格弹性在0.5到0.6之间。住房存量总供给的价格弹性约为0.83。     

Housing and the Macroeconomy: Inflation and the Financial Accelerator

Three themes connecting housing and the macroeconomy are discussed. First, evidence is presented for the property market as one of the drivers of U.S. consumer price inflation. Second, key drivers of house prices are explained to account for the remarkable diversity of international experience. Finally, three potential links between housing, credit, and the financial accelerator are discussed. These are the consumption channel, the investment channel, and feedback between bad loans and risk‐spreads via the financial system—and how institutional differences between countries can explain the presence, absence and magnitudes of these linkages.     

The Impact of Housing Markets on Consumer Debt: Credit Report Evidence from 1999 to 2012

We estimate the response of consumer debt portfolios to pronounced housing market swings from 1999 to 2012 using Equifax‐sourced credit report data and a variety of identification approaches. We find: (i) the extraordinary climb in home equity debt from 2002 to 2006 is an expression of a stable, longer‐term relationship between house price growth and home equity borrowing; (ii) all preboom homeowners, and older and prime postboom homeowners, demonstrate near dollar‐for‐dollar substitution between (expensive) credit card and (cheap) home equity debt in response to home equity changes; and (iii) little evidence of substitution between home equity and student loan debt.     

Twin Booms: The Lead–Lag Relation Between Credit and Housing Booms

In this study, we examine the causal relation between credit (proxied by credit-to-GDP ratio) and house markets (proxied by house price index) using data of using thirty-six countries for the period 1996–2012. We find a bidirectional causal relation between the two markets using the whole sample. Then, we find that during the non–twin boom period, the results are the same as those using the whole sample. During the twin boom periods, the two markets are not linked using the boom definition of deviation from the trend, and the housing market leads the credit market using the boom definition of the growth rate exceeding a certain 15 percent.     

个人住房抵押贷款借款人产品选择行为

1998年至今,中国个人住房抵押贷款市场迅速成长,并呈现出持续增长趋势。从完善个贷服务、降低金融风险的角度出发,深入研究借款人个贷产品选择行为具有现实意义。本文以2001年北京个贷市场实际交易数据为基础,采用二元Logit选择模型,定量分析经济因素、借款人个体属性和个贷产品属性对借款人个贷期限和贷款价值比选择行为的影响。实证研究发现,借款人性别对其个贷产品选择的影响并不显著;高收入借款人相对于中低收入借款人更倾向高比例中短期贷款;购置高价住宅的借款人相对于购置中低价格住宅的借款人更倾向选择中低比例长期贷款;未婚借款人更倾向高比例贷款;年轻借款人和高等教育程度借款人更倾向长期贷款。此外,本文结合对特定人群房价收入比的分析,探讨造成借款人选择行为差异的可能原因。本文基本结论为,借款人个贷期限和贷款价值比选择行为相对合理,不存在绝对高风险人群。     

Asset allocation and location over the life cycle with investment-linked survival-contingent payouts

This paper shows how survival-contingent investment-linked payouts can enhance investor wellbeing in the context of a portfolio choice model which integrates uninsurable labor income and asymmetric mortality expectations. In exchange for illiquidity, these products provide the consumer with access to mutual-fund style portfolio choice, as well as the survival credit generated from pooling mortality risk. Our model generates optimal asset location patterns indicating how much to hold in liquid versus illiquid survival-contingent payouts over the lifetime, and also asset allocation paths, showing how to invest in stocks versus bonds. We show that the investor who moves her money out of liquid saving into survival-contingent assets gradually from middle age to retirement and beyond, will enhance her welfare by as much as 50%. The results are robust to the introduction of uninsurable consumption shocks in housing expenses, income flows during the worklife and retirement, sudden changes in health status, and medical expenses.