Fearlessly Swimming Upstream to Risky Waters: The Role of Geographic Entry in Innovation

We examine the puzzling geographic pattern that shows firms entering countries with weak intellectual property rights (IPR) protection with their research and development (R&D) activities. Geographic entry into weak IPR protection countries is at odds with conventional wisdom as such an environment erodes a firm's ability to appropriate from its innovations. We offer that while the well‐established practice of spreading out a firm's value chain activities across a region has important implications for value creation, what remains unaddressed is the value appropriation aspect of such activities. We introduce a multilevel theory and maintain that operating regionally through commercialization activities (downstream activities) provides complementary assets to the upstream activities – specifically R&D activities in a country within that region – with which focal firms can appropriate more from their innovations. We find that regional downstream commercialization activities can substitute for weak IPR regimes, thereby providing firms with an alternative mechanism for protecting their intellectual property in weak IPR countries.     

国外知识产权普及教育的做法及其启示

在借鉴国外低高两个层次的知识产权普及教育做法的基础上,文章提出知识产权普及教育重在知识产权创新和保护文化的营造,学校教育是知识产权普及教育的突破口,教育基地是知识产权普及教育主阵地等启示。     

国外知识产权普及教育的做法及其启示

在借鉴国外低高两个层次的知识产权普及教育做法的基础上,文章提出知识产权普及教育重在知识产权创新和保护文化的营造,学校教育是知识产权普及教育的突破口,教育基地是知识产权普及教育主阵地等启示。     

关于构建海峡西岸经济区知识产权战略联盟的设想

2008年4月9日,国务院会议审议通过国家知识产权战略纲要,预示着我国国家知识产权战略即将出台。在国家高度重视知识产权的同时,几个较大区域的知识产权战略联盟也正处于蓬勃发展和完善之中。在介绍泛珠三角等几个大区域知识产权战略联盟发展情况的基础上,分析了建立海峡西岸经济区知识产权战略联盟的可行性,最后提出了建议,希望对海峡西岸经济区的发展尽一份力量。     

促进自主知识产权发展的国际经验

文章认为,鉴于知识产权在经济发展中的重要作用,很多国家都采取措施发展自主知识产权,主要有：制定实施国家知识产权战略、促进知识产权创造、加强知识产权管理、强化知识产权保护、推进知识产权应用,以及实施知识产权人才战略等。总结这些经验,对我国有重大的启示意义。     

International free riding on institutions

Economic institutions are linked to economic growth because they create conditions favourable for production and exchange. Institutions can give a country comparative advantage in producing some goods. If its trading partners lack such institutions, it can still enjoy their benefits by importing these goods. Some institutions, such as intellectual property rights, have non‐excludable benefits because the resulting production is intangible, non‐rival, and often publicly disclosed. The profits, or surplus, that result, however, is rival. Foreign countries can ‘free ride’ on this benefit by misappropriating rival surplus through infringement. This article develops a theory of institutional free riding in which firms in one country free ride on the benefit of foreign institutions to the detriment of their competitor firms and their countries' institutions. It evaluates the incentives of firms and governments for this free riding, its effects, and potential responses to mitigate these effects.     

Effective Control Rights in Vertical R&D Collaboration

Because of increasing technological complexity of new products, the manufacturers of final products more often seek access to external sources of knowledge at the early, market‐distant stages of innovation processes. However, they are confronted with a specifically high danger of moral hazard. Traditional management instruments fail to control that danger mainly for two reasons. First, the supplier activities are not transparent. Second, market‐distant R&D results are credence goods whose quality cannot be evaluated, not even ex post. It is the theory of incomplete contracts that solves the problem by allocating the so‐called control rights to the supplier. These rights primarily regulate the assignment of the intellectual property rights, the control of the R&D process, and the marketing of the final products that are based on the delivered R&D results. To date, we do not have any empirical evidence about the relative effectiveness of these control rights. Moreover, studies on incomplete contracts in R&D alliances only focused on the collaboration between biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms. Our study fills these gaps. On the basis of a sample of French and German R&D suppliers, we find that only enforceable intellectual property rights assigned to the supplier effectively control moral hazard. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈保护网络知识产权的策略与实施

网络环境下的知识产权是传统的知识产权行为在网络媒介中的延伸。我国应采取一切措施保护网络知识产权,使其在更加开放、更加和谐的环境下长足发展。     

我国专利产品平行进口问题研究

文章通过阐述专利产品平行进口相关理论和各国的立法和司法实践经验,结合我国目前允许平行进口的立法现状,分析了现阶段我国开放专利产品平行进口的必要性,提出"适当限制开放领域、建立海关专门监管部门和设立专门知识产权法院或知识产权庭"等配套措施来完善我国的专利产品平行进口,希望对加强对我国专利产品平行进口管理和更完善的政策的出台有所借鉴意义。     

The politics of intellectual property rights regimes: An empirical study of new technology use in entrepreneurship

This study examines interactions between political processes and intellectual property rights regimes that can influence the propensity of early-stage entrepreneurs to employ the latest available technologies in their ventures. We argue that the effects of intellectual property regimes are moderated by the nature of a country?s political system, including the influence of Pirate parties, which advocate for minimal intellectual property enforcement. We combine large-panel cross-country survey data on entrepreneurs and country-level measures of polity (democracy versus autocracy) and intellectual property rights with a new measure (created by the authors) estimating the influence of Pirate parties. Results indicate that entrepreneurs in more democratic (high polity) countries enjoy higher levels of technology usage as intellectual property rights strengthen. By contrast, entrepreneurs in more autocratic (low polity) countries are less likely to use the latest technology as intellectual property rights strengthen. The influence of Pirate parties makes strengthening intellectual property rights more positive for technology use in entrepreneurship. These results contribute to the literature examining institutional and political determinants of high-value forms of entrepreneurship—which may hinge on the extent to which entrepreneurs? interests are considered by technology and intellectual property policy-makers.     

内部控制框架构建的产权理论研究

内部控制与产权关系密切。通过对现有内部控制理论文献的回顾与评析，结合现代企业不完全契约的性质，运用产权理论系统地研究了内部控制的本质、对象、目标、内涵、功能、存在的制度性原因和框架构成等基础性内容。     

Henry George and the Intellectual Foundations of the Open Source Movement

The emergence of a common development platform (either in the form of open source projects or proprietary products) and the corresponding economic communities that emerge to support those platforms is similar in scale and scope to the concept of the city found in Henry George's economics of time and place. A modern counterpart to the 19^th‐century focus on land can be found in the 20^th‐century concern with the establishment of intellectual property rights that fence off a portion of the creative commons in order to construct temporary monopolies. Captured in the open source movement where licenses that specify property rights are adopted in order to provide a great deal of flexibility in terms of how ideas are used and shared, a strong connection can be drawn between this modern movement and the work of Henry George. Building a connection between the two provides greater clarity in terms of understanding how in a modern technology‐based economy, progress can be achieved without poverty.     

Logics,Leaders, Lab Coats: A Multi‐Level Study on How Institutional Logics are Linked to Entrepreneurial Intentions in Academia

Situated in the context of academia, this study integrates ideas from institutional theory, person‐environment fit theory and leadership research to conceptualize and examine the cross‐level link between the organizational‐level institutional logic of research commercialization and the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers. Multi‐level analyses based on a sample of 254 researchers working for 85 research group leaders in 49 German research institutes reveal that two distinct attributes of research group leaders – that is, their track records of entrepreneurial behaviour and their entrepreneurial intentions – play a significant role in transmitting the organizational‐level logic to the individual level. We also observe a complementary interaction between organizational‐level commercialization logic and the entrepreneurial track records of leaders. We discuss how these findings advance our understanding of science commercialization through academic entrepreneurship and how they inform institutional theory and theory development in other domains of entrepreneurship research.     

我国知识产权信息网络平台建设研究

做好知识产权保护工作是推动我国科技进步发展的重要举措,知识产权信息网络平台是推进知识产权发展的重要载体。论文以我国知识产权信息网络平台建设面临的挑战为例,剖析基于云计算技术的知识产权平台建设方案,通过试验得出基于云计算的知识产权网络平台符合实际运行要求,为知识产权平台建设提供实践经验,具有较高的市场价值与社会效益。     

知识产权示范城市、知识产权保护与企业创新——基于中国工业企业的微观证据

知识产权示范城市作为深化知识产权领域改革的先行示范区,是知识产权保护和运用的聚集地。借助知识产权示范城市试点这一准自然实验,基于2007—2015年中国工业企业数据库和中国专利数据库的微观企业数据,使用渐进双重差分方法检验知识产权示范城市试点政策对企业创新的影响,并识别知识产权保护作用机制。结果表明：知识产权示范城市试点政策显著提升了企业创新水平。机制检验发现,知识产权示范城市试点政策通过增加知识产权制度供给,提高知识产权司法保护强度,最终促进企业创新水平的提升。异质性分析表明,知识产权示范城市试点政策对国有企业创新的提升效应显著高于非国有企业,对高科技行业企业创新的提升效应显著高于传统行业企业,对西部地区企业创新的提升效应显著高于东部和中部地区。     

高新技术企业知识产权竞争力内涵探析

高新技术企业作为自主创新的主力军,是知识产权创造及运用的实施主体,是知识产权市场价值的实现者,知识产权竞争力是其核心竞争力的重要组成部分。文章以竞争力理论为指导,认知高新技术企业知识产权竞争力"以自主创新能力为核心"的内涵;以系统论为视角,解构高新技术企业知识产权竞争力的结构模块,旨在有效地运用知识产权资源,提升高新技术企业的竞争优势,实现转型升级。     

高校知识产权管理现状及发展建设研究

高校是知识商品的主要生产基地之一,它的知识产权保护几乎涵盖知识产权的各个领域。但由于目前高校知识产权保护工作体系尚未完善,知识产权流失严重,制约了高校的创新和发展。本文通过分析高校知识产权保护工作中存在的问题,研究解决问题的办法,并建立有效的知识产权管理战略,促进科技成果转化,为社会经济服务。     

Theories from the Lab: How Research on Science Commercialization can Contribute to Management Studies

Universities and research centres have long been used to study management issues. A growing body of research has focused on how science can be effectively commercialized, emphasizing technology commercialization activities, university–industry collaborations, and academic entrepreneurship. While much of this work has documented empirical relationships, our aim in this introductory article of the special issue is to show how research on science commercialization may yield conceptual contributions to the field of management. Hence, we first discuss the importance of context for theory development. We then review how the science commercialization context has been used for theory development, identifying two facets used to conceptualize science commercialization (i.e., managing the transition between institutional contexts, and the multiple goals and impacts of actors engaging in science commercialization). This forms the basis for discussing what makes this context suited for theory development in general management and for outlining a future research agenda. We conclude by summarizing the papers in the special issue.     

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GATT/WTO TO GLOBAL ECONOMIC WELFARE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

This paper surveys estimates of the value of the GATT/WTO's contributions to global welfare through providing a forum for negotiating reductions in policy‐induced distortions to trade flows, including through the process of accession by new members. After reviewing measures of the price‐distorting effects of trade‐related policies, it assesses estimates from global simulation models of the welfare effects of trade liberalizations prior to the WTO's Doha round, including the net benefits and transfers associated with implementing the Uruguay Round agreement on trade‐related intellectual property rights, and then reviews estimates of the potential welfare effects of a Doha round agreement to cut tariffs and subsidies. Econometric estimates of past trade and related effects of the GATT/WTO are then examined, before turning to estimates of the benefits of WTO accession and of potential benefits from WTO‐sponsored trade facilitation. The paper concludes that while it remains difficult to attribute reforms directly to the GATT/WTO, the overall body of evidence presented supports the economic profession's consensus that this institution has contributed substantially to global economic welfare.     

科技型中小企业融资困境及金融支持政策研究

当前,我国科技型中小企业普遍面临着融资困境,究其原因,市场失灵和政府失灵是导致当前我国科技型中小企业陷入融资困境的主要原因,而银企信息不对称以及科技型中小企业信号发送障碍是导致科技型中小企业信贷市场失灵的关键,政府在金融市场体系建设过程中的职能错位是导致政府失灵的根源。因此,要降低银企之间的信息不对称程度和更好地发挥政府职能,应该大力发展关系型贷款、积极尝试互联网股权众筹融资、完善信用担保体系、完善知识产权和企业经营管理权“权”压融资服务体系、发行知识产权金融支持证券、成立政策性科技银行、发展小额贷款担保公司和区域性中小商业银行等,以缓解科技型中小企业的融资困境。