Sociology and History: A New Look at Their Relatioaships

Abstract. The working wife as a factor in the determination of family status has been universally ignored by students of stratification. In this plea for investigation, it is suggested that the employment or married women could affect the system of stratification in the following ways: (1) making pos-sible greater access to symbols of status; (2) implying that the husband has been unsuccessful in his own career; (3) identifying the wife with a particular occupation; and (4) identifying certain occupations with wives of high status.     

Sick-leave and Other Job-related Health Issues from Labour Force Surveys Data

Most research into the relationship between health and work has been limited to ad hoc studies: few studies have been based on large-sample surveys directed to the general population. We propose here approaches to developing work-related health indicators from currently collected National Labour Force Surveys, in particular the Italian Labour Force Survey-ISTAT. Four potential indicators are proposed: temporary reduction in working ability (TRWA), continued reduction in working ability (CRWA), permanent inability to work (PIW), and exclusion from the active population (EAP). Our analysis indicates that CRWA and EAP are highest among manual workers, consistent with the well-described relationship between job class and health status. This approach provides an opportunity to monitor the relative health status of workers on a continuing basis using readily available, population-based data and to conduct additional analyses on the basis of occupational stratification.     

Dynamic models of the labor force behavior of married women which can be estimated using limited amounts of past information

This paper examines the extent of the inadequacy of standard cross-sectional models of US labor force behavior and considers the abilities of alternative models to capture the observed continuity in the hours of work and earnings of individuals as well as in their employment histories. Both of the alternatives to the standard cross-sectional model considered in this study incorporate limited amounts of information about past work behavior that could easily be collected as part of a national population census. Using a population of 21 to 64 year old married working women taken from a 1969 through 1978 Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the variables included in the Z vector age: 1) age of the wife; 2) education of the wife; 3) state average hourly wage in manufacturing measured in 1967 dollars; and 4) unemployment rate for the state in which the wife lives. Results show that by using information about a women's hours of work and wage rate in the previous year, it may be feasible to improve on forecasts of a woman's employment and earnings behavior. For each model a separate estimate is made for wives aged 21 through 46, and for those aged 47 through 64. The dummy and difference models perform much better than the standard model, with the dummy model having the higher pseudo-chi-square statistic. These models show that systematic errors made in determining which individuals work, what they earn per hour, or how many hours they work, should result in prediction errors of the same sort year after year in the computation of annual earnings. These findings with respect to years of work and nonwork, years of part time versus full time work, and cumulative earnings over a 10 year period, confirm and extend Heckman's findings; thus, forecasting models of the work behavior of individuals should not be estimated using pure cross-sectional data. It would be important if researchers could identify what observable factors, if any, increase the likelihood that wives will alter their work behavior from what it has been in the immediate past, even if they are not able to fully understand or explain this previous work behavior.     

杜鹃救“美”

这个早年在黄光裕坚实羽翼下安逸生活即可的弱好,不仅要在危难时刻快速转型,还要学会担当、斡旋,学会做"女一号"。化解"陈黄之争"后的杜鹃,如何收拾旧河山,让国美追回"失去的两年"     

Estimating the economic costs of organized crime by synthetic control methods

The economic costs of organized crime have been estimated for the case of southern Italy by Pinotti (Economic Journal 2015; 125, F203–F232, 2015): using synthetic control methods, he finds that, due to the advent of the Italian Mafia in the regions Apulia and Basilicata, GDP per capita dropped by 16%. Replicating this study in a narrow sense by estimating the same model with the same data, but using different software implementations, we observe minor differences stemming from the different implementations. By identifying the correct implementation, we find that the loss in GDP per capita due to the presence of the Mafia has been slightly overestimated.     

从城市社区看社会分层与社会不平等——对天津市两个商品房社区的比较研究

依据对天津市两个居住区进行参与观察和个案访谈所获得的田野材料,通过比较研究的方法,揭示了社区的阶层化现状,勾画出不同社区居民之间的社会分层和不平等状况。并进一步指出,缩小城市区位差异、减少城市中的居住隔离不仅牵涉自然资源和社会资源的公平分配和使用,同时也关乎个体发展的代际公平。     

Price-induced technical progress in 80 years of US agriculture

This paper presents a theory of technical progress that interprets the price-induced conjecture of Hicks. It provides also an exhaustive set of comparative statics conditions that constitute the scaffolding for an empirical test of the theory. A crucial assumption is that entrepreneurs make decisions about techniques on the basis of expected information about prices and quantities. Another assumption is that these decisions are made in order to fulfill a profitability objective. The novelty of our approach is that expected relative prices enter the production function as shifter of the technology frontier. The consequence of this assumption is an expansion of the traditional Shephard lemma that is useful for identifying the portion of input quantities that has been determined by the conjecture of price-induced technical progress (PITP). The theory is applied to a sample of 80 years of US agriculture. Three versions of the general model are presented. The first version deals only with expected relative prices. The empirical results do not reject the PITP hypothesis. The second and third versions introduce lagged expected relative prices, lagged R&D expenditures and lagged extension expenditures as explanatory variables of the portion of the input quantities that may be attributable to technical progress. I acknowledge invaluable discussions on this subject held over several years with Michael R. Caputo. I also acknowledge the use of the theory and its justifications that were presented in previous papers by Paris and Caputo (2001) and by Caputo and Paris (2005). All the errors are mine. I dedicate this paper to my wife, Carlene, who died of a rare cancer on May 5, 2001.     

IDENTIFYING VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY: A CRITICAL SURVEY

In the economic literature on poverty, various methods have been proposed for measuring a phenomenon known as ‘vulnerability’. However, after more than a quarter century of research, no consensus has been reached on how to identify such vulnerable individuals within a given population. Some misunderstandings have also arisen from the overlapping of other closely related concepts, such as the expectation of being poor, expected poverty, multi‐period poverty and risk exposure. This paper offers a detailed conceptual discussion on vulnerability to poverty and its related elements, reviewing a wide range of identifying criteria provided in the literature. It is found that according to the state of the art in this field of research, two key elements stand out in identifying vulnerable individuals: an expected well‐being below the poverty line and a relevant risk of falling into poverty due to downside deviation from a reference level of well‐being. The traditional classification of vulnerability approaches has been updated into four groups: (i) those that stress the element of exposure to risk; (ii) those that emphasize the element of expected poverty; (iii) those that define vulnerability through a utility gap and (iv) those that are supported by a mean‐risk dominance criterion.     

Meta-organizing for open innovation under environmental and social pressures in the oil industry

Scholars have yet to address why and how open innovation model can be applied effectively within industries while diminishing its potential cost and challenges. In this paper, we extend open innovation model both theoretically and practically by identifying a) the boundary conditions that motivate firms within resource-based industries to apply the model and b) the approaches that have been implemented in practice in applying the model. In this multiple-case study, we explore why and how firms within the upstream Canadian oil industry have evolved to apply open innovation model over time to deal with the industry's challenges. First, our findings show that institutional forces, both normative and coercive—such as social and environmental pressures, were the primary drivers for adopting open innovation. Second, by building on the taxonomy of meta-organizations, we demonstrate that an industry-founded and not-for-profit innovation intermediary, as a meta-organization, is a necessary tool to address problems of adopting open innovation. We argue that the experiments of the upstream oil industry to develop a suitable organizational design for such innovation intermediaries suggest that a moderate level of stratification accompanying either close or open membership is the most suitable design. The findings from this study can be helpful to other industries, particularly other resource- based industries, which seek to effectively employ the open innovation model through innovation intermediaries.     

李亚鹏寻找李亚鹏

他是演员,也是商人,而闯入生活中的女儿让他所寻找的自我更加清晰那双皮鞋看起来穿了很久,鞋面连着鞋底的那一圈儿被磨得泛了白,鞋型也有些变形,但这双鞋似乎让李亚鹏感到特别舒适:5月25日,李亚鹏第一次穿上嫣然天使儿童医院(以下简称嫣然医院)的董事会会服,出席第三届中美唇腭裂修复技术学术研讨会,这双棕色皮     

Exploring the dimensions of attrition in Indian BPOs

Business process outsourcing (BPO) industry in India is progressing with an unparalleled velocity. Despite the momentous growth and brilliant future, the BPO industry has experienced high attrition rates since inception. There are many factors that lead to attrition in BPOs and much research has taken place time and again. In this study, we have made a comprehensive attempt to explore the dimensions of attrition by identifying the factors that lead to it, assessing the contribution of the factors toward attrition, and comparing the dimensions across the various demographic variables. Data have been collected from 500 BPO employees and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science 17.0. Factor analysis, correlation, regression, t-test, and Duncan's mean test have been done to empirically interpret the result. The paper not only identifies the significant dimensions of attrition but also provides scope for further studies in the field of employee retention in the BPO industry.     

Disclosure of information: stratification and collective bargaining

Research has continually emphasised the lack of interest of management and trade unions into greater disclosure of information in collective bargaining. In this article the author explains this failure in terms of the stratification of new and existing information along hierarchical lines which do not disturb existing property rights and maintain status structures.     

权变奖励领导行为如何促进员工建言行为——内部人身份认知和心理安全感的作用

权变奖励领导行为是非常重要的领导行为之一,已有的研究证明权变奖励领导行为对员工的态度和行为有着积极的促进作用。基于自我归类理论,通过员工对内部人身份的认知效应,探讨权变奖励领导行为和员工建言行为之间的内在机制,并通过社会信息加工理论来探讨心理安全感在此过程中的调节效应。选取了上海市6家企业共321名员工为样本,运用区间估计Bootstrap法和Johnson-Neyman法进行数据分析和假设验证。结果表明:(1)权变奖励领导行为和员工建言行为正相关;(2)内部人身份认知在权变奖励领导行为和员工建言行为之间起中介作用;(3)心理安全感调节了权变奖励领导行为与内部人身份认知的关系,并进一步调节权变奖励领导行为通过内部人身份认知对员工建言行为的间接影响效应。     

On the Origins of The American Journal of Economics and Sociology: Its Purposes and Objectives

This essay, written with the help of his devoted wife, Mrs. Dorothy Burnham Lissner, was prepared at the request of the current editor of the AJES. This essay was written during the fall of 1999. On September 10, Mrs. Lissner informed me that, “The early history of the Journal is all done. . . . I hope it is satisfactory . . . Will and I worked very hard on it. Long hours. . . . so I decided to interview him and take down what he said or have him answer on tape. Then I put everything together on the computer, almost like an article. He [Will Lissner] has checked it and thinks it's perfect, that we can do no better” (correspendence of D. B. Lissner with L. Moss, 9/10/99). This is the last known writing of Will Lissner and summarizes his aims, goals, and ambitions for this Journal nearly six decades after its founding. Had Will had more time, this essay would have been the first of a series of reflections on this history of this Journal.     

Beyond Space: Spatial (Re)Production and Middle‐Class Remaking Driven by Jiaoyufication in Nanjing City,China

An extension of gentrification, jiaoyufication–urban change driven by a desire for high‐quality education–is not only displacing previous lower‐class residents, but also replacing earlier jiaoyufiers with newcomers, turning formerly blue‐collar neighbourhoods into white‐collar ones. New middle‐class communities are emerging as spatially limited school catchment zones attract social groups who occupy these spaces in an attempt to facilitate social mobility or consolidate social status, causing tension between them. Consequently, jiaoyufication has narrowed down opportunities for intergenerational social mobility and exacerbated social polarization, gradually replacing traditional social hierarchies with intergenerational neoliberal stratification.     

Online privacy and security practices of the 100 largest US nonprofit organizations

• Although online consumer privacy has been an important issue in the commercial realm for more than a decade, nonprofit organizations (NPOs, or nonprofits, for short) have just begun to address the topic recently. No published scholarly research has examined the online information practices of the largest NPOs with regard to privacy and security issues. The absence of data leaves one unable to empirically gauge the extent of NPO compliance with the Federal Trade Commissions (FTCs) suggested information practices. Such an investigation would be useful not only to US nonprofits but also non‐US nonprofits that are reaching US donors via their web sites.
• This study examines the online information practices of The Nonprofit Times 100 web sites and compares their practices to that of their commercial counterparts. The NPO web sites were found to collect just as much, and in some cases even more, personally identifying information as the commercial sites. The NPO web sites were more likely to display a privacy disclosure and privacy seal. Of critical concern, and not assessed in the commercial samples, is that nearly all of the NPO sites post personally identifying information (of individuals who are not employees).
• The current study provides benchmarks useful for assessing security issues pertaining to the collection, use, and even posting of personal information for NPO web sites. It also proposes actions for improving online security and privacy with the hope of encouraging more discussion of these important issues within the NPO community.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风险投资公司的评价研究:从项目的角度

基于目前风险投资市场上优秀项目占主导地位这一现状,从项目的角度,以充分识别自身优劣势为基础,建立一个包含风险投资公司背景、人才及管理支撑、资金支持、市场支持4个一级指标,15个二级指标的集合,运用模糊综合评价法,最终帮助项目筛选得到一个能优势互补的风险投资公司。通过案例分析证明,所提出的指标体系能较好地反映项目的需求,该方法对解决项目与风险投资公司之间匹配问题有较大实践意义。     

Recent advances on some aspects of stratified sample design. a review of the literature

Summary This Paper reviews and summarizes recent contributions on some important aspects of stratified sample design, namely the determination of optimum stratification points and the choice of the number of strata. After a brief discussion of the fundamental theoretical contribution byDalenius, a number of approximate methods or rules which have been proposed as a result of the heavy computational work involved in solving the theoretical equations to obtain the optimum points of stratification were critically examined. Two empirical studies carried out to evaluate the performance of some of these approximate techniques are given. Some suggestions are made on the direction in which further research is needed.     

Leaning into the Wind: A Structural VAR Investigation of UK Monetary Policy*

This paper adapts Uhlig's [Journal of Monetary Economics (2005) forthcoming] sign restriction identification methodology to investigate the effects of UK monetary policy using a structural vector autoregression (VAR). It shows that shocks which can reasonably be described as monetary policy shocks have played only a small role in the total variation of UK monetary and macroeconomic variables. Most of the variation in UK monetary variables has been due to their systematic reaction to other macroeconomic shocks, namely non‐monetary aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and oil price shocks. We also find, without imposing any long run identifying restrictions, that aggregate supply shocks have permanent effects on output.     

战略集团图的理论内涵及操作实践

战略集团图作为一种行业内部分析的工具,架起了行业整体分析和行业中企业地位个体分析之间的桥梁,有助于确定企业最主要的竞争对手,制定有效的竞争战略。本文就战略集团图的内涵、应用以及操作实践做一探讨,并将这一研究工具运用于中国零售业中进行实践模拟。