工业经济学科的回顾与展望

工业经济学科的回顾与展望中国人民大学教授邓荣霖一、学科发展现状、主要成就和进展工业经济学是５０年代初期从苏联引进的部门经济学科。由于我国学者的研究和探索，从中国实际出发，逐步形成了中国工业经济学的体系，对当时的学科建设和工业经济发展起到了应有的历史作...     

论生态与环境的可持续力和经济价值

经济学是研究个人和团体从事生产、交换以及产品和服务消费的一种社会科学，它研究怎样最佳使用稀缺资源以满足人们无限需求。现代西方经济学家认为：“世界上任何经济资源都是有限的，因而社会产出也总是有限的。…‘经济资源”的概念是指能够用于生产产品和服务的一切自然的人类的以及已生产出来的资源，如土地、矿藏、资本设备、劳动力等。有些资源看起来似乎取之不尽用之不竭，可以满足一切可能的需要，例如空气和水。     

煤炭经济研究工作的信息资源保障

煤炭经济研究属于产业经济学范畴，它主要是应用经济学和管理学原理，探索煤炭产业生产力和生产关系发展规律，研究煤炭产业结构和产业组织理论问题的实证科学。煤炭经济研究工作离不开信息资源的保障。在研究、制定和实施煤炭工业可持续发展战略，实现煤炭工业现代化、全面建设小康社会宏伟目标的过程中，都必须有信息资源的强力支撑。本文结合煤炭经济研究工作的实际，从信息源(Sources)、     

中国工业化的资源路线与资源供求

工业化需要大规模地开发使用自然资源。工业化的技术路线总是倾向于选择地球上储量丰富和比较容易开发的物质。这些物质由于成为工业生产过程的投入物．才成为具有工业利用价值的“资源”。由于作为工业过程的基础性资源（往往也是生活的基础性资源）具有普遍供应要求,所以,对于其价格上升,社会往往不能容忍,或者不能承受价格机制对资源配置特别是资源替代进行调节的长期过程．因而需要政府干预．包括价格调控、行为管制、标准强制、政府规划、国家垄断等多种方式。因此,工业化过程中成为短缺资源的物质,往往是具有特殊的价格表现的资源产品．而且,其中多数工业资源本身也是工业生产的产品,因而在工业生产体系中形成庞大的资源产品的生产和供应产业。这些产业往往具有相当程度的垄断性和特殊利益．其强大的市场势力使其往往拥有很大的社会经济影响力,而政府的介入又使得国家垄断或政府垄断因素深植其中。工业化过程在本质上是通过市场过程实现的,市场经济的巨大活力来源于有效的竞争,所以,工业化技术路线和资源路线的选择和转变。其决定性条件是工业竞争力源泉的现实状况和演化趋势。工业技术路线和工业化资源路线体现了获取竞争力源泉的需要．工业技术路线和工业化资源路线的转变,实质上就是工业竞争力源泉的转变。从这一意义上可以说,寻求竞争力的新源泉,是在新的发展阶段优化工业化资源路线的根本要求和核心内容。     

技术经济学内容体系及发展趋势探析

技术经济学是一门研究技术和经济辩证统一关系及其发展变化规律的科学。从60年代初在我国创立以来,经过近30年的曲折发展道路,特别是党的十一届三中全会之后,经过广大技术经济理论和实际工作者的努力,已经发展成一门独立的比较完善的学科,并且仍然有着广泛的发展和应用前景。由于技术经济学在国民经济各行各业有着广泛的应用领域,致使越来越多的人开始学习、研究和应用这门学科,而国民经济发展特别是决策科学化的需要又给学科本身的发展提出了新的要求。     

走出国内石油经济学的困惑

石油经济学是研究石油产业的部门经济学科。在本质上，石油经济学首先是一门经济学科，其次才是关于石油产业活动的学科；前者是石油经济学的基本范畴．后者阐述的是石油经济学的研究对象与研究目的。国内石油经济学目前还存在诸多困惑与迷茫，还有一段很长的路要走。尽管如此，我们始终坚信国内石油经济学研究终究会有拨开云雾见天日的那一天。     

企业经济学的形成与发展

一、企业经济学的概念与研究范畴企业经济学，又称管理经济学（ManagerialEconomics）、公司经济学（CorporateEconomics）、经营经济学。它是6O年代发展起来，7O年代在西方管理学教学中开始盛行的一门重要学科。一般地说，企业经济学属于应用经济学科的范畴。对于什么是企业经济学，有各种各样的定义和解释。詹姆斯R．迈格很（JamesR．Mcgulgan）和R．查尔斯．莫耶（R．ChaHesMoye）认为：“管理经济学是经济学的一个应用分支。其主旨是提供分析和解决对厂商和社会有重要经济影响的问题所必、不可少的理论和工具。”“管理经济学与私…     

知识经济是一种节约型经济

很多论者认为，知识经济是一种信息经济、高科技经济，我们认为它同时还是一种节约型经济。———知识经济使生产中物质资源消耗大为减少。任何生产活动都必须耗费一定的物质资源和人力资源，前者如原材料、资本、设备、土地等，后者如企业家才能，科技管理人员的劳动以及生产工人的劳动等。随着人类经济的发展，尤其是向知识经济时代的发展，生产中的资源耗费结构发生了明显变化，即物质资源的耗费大为减少，人力资源的耗费大为增加。如发达国家经历了一个由“吨重型”到“公斤型”，再到“克重型”的产品演变过程，就很能说明这一变化。所…     

加强工业经济学学科建设

工业经济学是一门比较年轻的学科。多年来,我国工业经济学的理论工作者和教学工作者对建设具有中国特色的社会主义工业经济学进行了许多有益的探索。但是,在新的形势下,无论学科体系,还是学科内容和研究方法,都还有许多重要问题需要进一步研究。为此,中国社会科学院工业经济研究所、中国工业经济管理研究会和本刊就如何加强工业经济学科建设问题组织了这次笔谈。我们欢迎大家继续参加这个问题的讨论。     

绿色经济:连接"稀缺"与"欲望"的最佳桥梁

近10年来,由于人类在发展农业经济和工业经济的过程中,破坏了人与自然的依存关系,导致人类自身的生存和发展受到严重的威胁,解决这一问题,关键是找到一种能实现经济与资源环境协调发展的模式,而绿色经济强调经济的发展要有利于资源节约和环境保护,恰恰符合这样一种模式,因而在世界范围内广泛兴起,发展迅速。笔者以为,绿色经济之所以能得到迅猛发展,归根结底是因为其最能体现经济学研究的本质。     

Evolutionary economics and the markets-as-networks approach

The paper analyzes the similarities and differences between the markets-as-networks (or IMP) tradition in industrial marketing and evolutionary economics. Five analytical dimensions are used: unit of analysis, methodological practice, core frameworks and models, key assumptions, and theoretical antecedents and origins. Evolutionary ideas have long been incorporated into economic theorizing. This paper concentrates on the new evolutionary economics associated particularly with a research tradition centred on the work of Nelson and Winter [Nelson, R.R., & Winter, S.G. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press]. There are several important parallels between this research tradition and the IMP or markets-as-networks tradition. It is proposed that the markets-as-networks tradition could be enriched by seeking explicitly to incorporate elements of an evolutionary process into the dynamics of change within inter-firm relationships and networks. Evolutionary economics would benefit from explicit consideration of the likelihood that inter-organizational routines, rather than individual firm-based routines, play an important part in the evolutionary process.     

The economic modeling of strategy process: ‘clean models’ and ‘dirty hands’

We argue that our model of learning in alliances ( Khanna, Gulati and Nohria, 1998 ) is an economic model of strategy process. We discuss implications of this view for the strategy process vs. content debate, for the appropriate testing of models of strategy process, and for the role of economics in helping understand strategy process. We propose that the ‘clean models’ from economics and ‘dirty hands’ of traditional process inquiries offer research designs that are complementary rather than incompatible ( Hirsch, Michaels and Friedman, 1987 ). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Executive preferences for governance modes and exchange partners: An information economics perspective

This study investigates how executives address information asymmetry and adverse selection surrounding international joint ventures (IJVs) and acquisitions. We argue that executives can address such exchange hazards not only through their governance decisions, as prior research indicates, but also through their selection of exchange partners. Our experimental design complements prior research on firms' governance choices in three ways: (1) by incorporating multiple potential exchange partners rather than taking a single partner as given for a realized transaction; (2) by accommodating multiple potential entry modes to address interdependencies across governance structures; and (3) by providing direct evidence on executives' assessments of IJVs and acquisitions. We join together organizational governance research and decision‐making research on IJV partner selection, two literatures that have largely developed separately. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intellectual property rights: An international economics perspective

This paper considers the enforcement of intellectual property rights in an international setting. I consider some of the traditional problems associated with protection of such rights in a closed economy and discuss complications added by an international dimension. Globally-optimal and nationally-optimal policies are compared. A simple model of policy choices is derived and optimal tax/subsidy and rights enforcement policies demonstrated. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the current U.S. approach of discriminatory treatment on the basis of the national origin of an infringing product and argues that it is inferior to subsidies for providing incentives for R&D and to tariffs for shifting profits to U.S. firms.I am grateful to Marius Schwartz for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Any remaining errors are, of course, my own.     

Fields of opportunity: How marketers design the transaction game with transaction field maps

While the importance of transaction institutions, or rules, has long been established in the area of marketing governance, marketers and academics alike would benefit from guidance in the strategic use of the rules of the transaction game. This is particularly important in B2B and industrial markets where innovations in the rule-making environment have a significant effect on innovation. Strategically, the organization achieves its customer objectives by creating arenas for transacting, termed transaction fields, in which social actors transact. The fundamental argument is that organizations create transaction fields to depict the benefits of transacting to customers. Accordingly, managers must focus on strategic transactions; those that fundamentally change the way that transacting takes place in the transaction field. Using a historical case of the American cotton factor, this research demonstrates how marketers overcome factors that limit transacting by mapping their actions in transaction fields using rules. This specialization may result in the emergence of marketing intermediaries and lead to competitive advantage.     

基于PPP模式的城镇棚户区改造项目利益分配研究

为了有效解决城镇棚户区改造PPP合作过程中的利益分配不平衡问题,促进城镇棚户区改造的健康有序推进,分析了城镇棚户区改造项目的参与主体、影响因素,建立了基于Shapley值修正算法的城镇棚户区改造PPP项目利益分配模型。将各参与方的利益诉求、投资比例、风险承担、努力水平及监督力度等影响因素纳入双方博弈过程,在一定程度上缓解了传统方法中各成员承担影响因素均等的不利情况。在考虑利益分配影响因素的基础上对传统Shapley值方法进行了修正,就政策制定、项目管理及操作方面提出了对策。研究方法具有一定适用性,可为解决利益分配不平衡问题提供依据,所提对策对城镇棚户区改造决策的实施具有借鉴价值。     

Economics of wheat production in Bangladesh

This paper reports the results of a study undertaken to assess the economics of wheat production in Bangladesh. In financial terms, boro (winter) rice is the most profitable crop in irrigated zones, but wheat often generates the highest returns in non-irrigated zones and in areas that are unsuitable for boro rice production. When inputs and outputs are assigned economic prices, wheat production represents the most efficient use of domestic resources in most non-irrigated zones and in one irrigated zone. Should present trends continue and Bangladesh become self-sufficient in rice, wheat production would become even more attractive. In view of these findings, recent calls to scale back wheat promotion activities and curtail investment in wheat research must be questioned.     

港口经济综合评价指标的因子分析

对港口经济进行综合评价需要建立一套综合评价指标体系。本文选取2008年综合竞争力排名靠前的港口作为样本,通过收集各样本在2009年的经济指标数据,利用因子分析计算出各个港口经济的综合得分和排名。结果表明所选取的指标具有高度的内在关联性,可据此有效地对港口经济情况进行评价和建议。其中,大部分港口的经济排名和货物吞吐量排名差异较小,只有南京、深圳、秦皇岛、营口和日照等港口因各自情况的不同而具有较大的差异。     

National grain policies: The international dimension

Government intervention in the pricing and marketing of grains has led to increased use of restrictive trade practices to preserve domestic price levels and ensure orderly marketing of domestically produced and imported grain. The author examines this relationship between domestic agricultural and trade policies of a selected group of grain importing and exporting countries. The article suggests that, because of the strong link between domestic and trade policies, it will be difficult to reduce trade restrictions in international grain markets in future trade negotiations.     

The impact of food advertisements on changing eating behaviors: An experimental study

This research examines how three types of food advertising (healthy food, unhealthy food, and anti-obesity) impact consumers’ purchases of lunch items. The analysis is based on an economic experiment conducted with 186 adult non-undergraduate student subjects, each of which were randomly placed into either the control group or one of four treatments: (1) healthy food advertising, (2) anti-obesity advertising, (3) unhealthy food advertising, and (4) mixed (all three food) advertising. The results indicate that healthy, anti-obesity, and mixed food advertising reduced intakes of total calories, fat, sodium, and carbohydrates. Similarly, anti-obesity, healthy, and mixed food advertising results in increasing the probability of selecting more healthy items and fewer unhealthy items from a menu. Healthy food advertising has a stronger impact than anti-obesity or mixed food advertising.