再论比较优势、绝对优势与DFS模型

DFS模型是研究两国(多国)多产品条件下如何确定比较优势的经典模型.本文从DFS模型所包含的比较优势思想入手,分析了比较优势理论在运用中面对的"两难困境",对比较优势与绝对优势之间的关系做了进一步的辨析和探讨.     

综合成本、比较优势与产业升级

新时代背景下的产业升级将从"亢奋的物质主义"转向"权衡的物质主义",更加重视对综合成本的掂量和权衡.所谓综合成本,是指产业发展过程中使用一切要素的代价总和,当前主要囊括生产成本、交易成本、环境成本和代际成本.要素结构的升级、综合成本总量及其结构的变化决定了一个国家或地区的产业比较优势,而产业比较优势决定了一个国家或地区产业升级的基本方向.为此,中国应该在市场和政府的协同作用下,努力推动产业结构逐步向契约密集型产业、环境友好型产业、资源节约型产业等新兴产业方向演进,并完成新兴产业对传统产业的替代、改造或提升,从而实现经济发展、产业升级、制度创新、环境保护与可持续发展的有机统一.     

基于要素流动成本的区域经济发展环境与经济发展关系

"良好的经济发展环境可以促进区域经济的快速发展"作为一个命题已被普遍接受.然而,以往文献对经济发展环境促进区域经济发展的深层原因却没有给出很好的解释.文章提出要素流动成本的概念,通过构建基于要素流动成本的区域经济发展环境与经济发展运行机制和模型来研究二者关系.结论指出优化经济发展环境本质上就是要降低要素流动成本及其变动率,关键手段就是进行创新.     

论比较优势的成本基础——从生产成本向“全成本”的拓展

贸易理论的历史演进表明,比较优势是一国参与国际分工和贸易的基本动因。古典、新古典和新贸易理论分别从劳动生产率、要素禀赋、生产规模等不同视角论证了基于生产成本的比较优势,进而可表达为"相对生产成本不等式"。随着制度、生态环境、"可持续性"等要素在国际贸易中日趋重要,使用制度要素所形成的交易成本、使用生态环境要素所形成的环境成本、耗费"可持续性"要素所形成的代际成本也逐步成为比较优势的成本基础。于是,可将使用或耗费广义要素的代价理解为"全成本",它构成了一国参与国际分工和贸易的比较优势的基础。     

"比较优势模型"对国际教育服务贸易的适用性研究——兼论国际教育服务贸易比较优势的决定

笔者从支持和反对两个方面梳理了"比较优势模型"对服务贸易的适用性评价,在此基础上总结出"比较优势模型"在服务贸易领域的五种主要演化形式.通过分析认为,具有一般服务贸易特征同时能够鲜明反映服务与货物本质差异的教育服务贸易,无论从贸易的基础与动力、还是贸易的模式与结果上都遵循比较优势模型的基本原理完成生产分工和产品交换.结合教育服务产品的提供水平与教育资源禀赋分布,笔者提出了决定教育服务贸易比较优势的五大关键因素.     

环境经济政策对贸易的影响分析

环境经济政策对贸易的影响在于它的实施使企业为保护环境而增加了成本,环境保护成本会全部或部分进入产品的最终定价中,价格的升高会影响到一国贸易的基础.从环境经济政策影响贸易的表现来分析,主要是影响一国的比较优势及专业化生产,进而影响到贸易模式和贸易量.因此,在应用环境经济政策以实现环境目标时可以通过政府干预减少其对贸易的影响,以实现贸易和环境的协调发展.     

环境规制对比较优势的影响

在古典和新古典贸易理论中,一国的贸易模式取决于该国的比较优势.本文的研究结果表明,发达国家环境规制的严格化使得发展中国家重度污染密集型产业的比较优势得到相对的强化,而对中、轻度污染产业的影响则依据产业的不同而不同.文章还以我国纺织服装业为例作了进一步分析.最后,作者从环境规制的完善、产业结构调整及环境成本内在化几个方面提出了政策建议.     

全球贸易自由化下的环境问题与环境政策

在全球贸易自由化的进程中，对环境既产生了正的影响，也产生了负的影响。但贸易不是产生环境问题的根源，所以不能靠制定与贸易有关的环境政策来解决，而应当在环境污染的发生地实施有关的环境政策，使“外部化”了的费用，纳入生产者的成本中，这才是真正的贸易比较优势。     

中巴经济走廊资金使用效率提升的策略选择——基于AHP-SWOT模型分析

依据AHP-SWOT模型,本文分析了走廊资金使用效率,结果显示:走廊资金使用效率整体上内部优势大于外部劣势,外部机遇大于外部威胁;内部优势在资金使用效率中贡献最大;以资金引流效应、工程设施设备成本的低价、结算制度的保障对效率提升贡献最明显;疫情与中国的技术进步提供的外部机遇,以及美元贬值、YD干扰形成的外部威胁促进资金效率的提升.在此基础上提出提升资金效率的策略选择,应以加强吸引投资、发挥价格优势、强化安全稳定环境、推动"简而真"的监管为主要策略.     

战略成本管理目标的定位分析

战略成本管理是战略管理与企业成本管理的结合,旨在提高企业竞争优势的同时进行成本管理,它是指管理会计人员提供企业本身及其竞争对手的分析资料,帮助管理者形成和评价企业战略,从而创造竞争优势,以使企业能有效地适应外部持续变化的环境.通过对多层次的战略成本管理目标进行合理定位,使企业达到成本领先和竞争优势的"双赢".     

比较优势、劳动力流动与产业转移

劳动力流动的新趋势反映了劳动力要素成本的比较优势在我国区域之间的动态转化,东部地区逐步丧失劳动力成本的比较优势,中西部地区劳动力要素禀赋的显性优势开始呈现。产业转移直接产生于比较优势的动态变化,顺应劳动力流动的新趋势,做好产业在区域间的转移和承接,才能转变依靠廉价劳动力的外向型经济增长方式,促使东部沿海地区进行产业升级,同时带动中西部地区工业化和城镇化进程,在保持我国低劳动力成本优势的基础上实现区域间协调发展。     

成本竞争抑或附加值竞争?——比较优势理论的新发展

现有的比较优势理论是成本原则,即机会(生产)成本越低,比较优势越大。但是从目前我国的外贸状况来看,比较优势理论需要发展成为一种附加值原则,即生产的相对附加值越大,比较优势越大。以比较优势附加值原则作为外贸出口的理论指导,可以解决我国成本优势逐渐丧失带来的外贸增长困境以及减少贸易摩擦等相关问题。     

Prices versus Quantities in a Second-Best Setting

The choice between taxes and tradable permits has been independently analysed by two distinct research traditions. The first proceeds from Weitzman's partial equilibrium stochastic model and concludes that a tax should be preferred if the marginal abatement cost curve is steeper than the marginal environmental benefit curve. The second utilises deterministic general equilibrium models with pre-existing distortionary taxes. It concludes that non-revenue-raising instruments (e.g., grandfathered tradable permits) are costlier than revenue-raising ones (e.g., a tax on every unit of pollution or auctioned permits). To build a bridge between these two traditions, we introduce in Weitzman's model a positive cost of public funds due to pre-existing distortionary taxes. The tax admits a greater comparative advantage over the permits, as compared to Weitzman's classical result. Then, we assume that the regulated industry blocks any proposal that poses it too high an expected burden. This may require a transfer to firms, in the form of freely-allocated permits or lump-sum tax rebate. It turns out that if this acceptability constraint is binding, then the comparative advantage of taxes over permits is still reinforced. Quantitatively, even if the marginal benefit function is 50% more steeply sloped than the marginal cost function, the price instrument should be preferred. We also compare the expected net benefit of these two instruments to a contingent instrument which leads to the ex post optimum. The superiority of the contingent instrument over the quantity one is higher than in first-best.     

珠三角区域经济安全与产业结构转型升级的对策

面对当前世界经济一体化进程的快速发展，珠江三角洲区域一直有所依赖的比较优势、成本优势、市场竞争力优势正逐步减弱。区域经济增长的约束条件包括能源、资源、环境、和社会和谐已经成为紧约束，以原有产业结构为基础的区域经济增长模式已经达到静态极限，产业结构转型升级日益紧迫。本文对珠三角区域经济安全与产业结构面临的挑战与机遇进行分析，指出产业结构转型升级对区域经济安全的意义，并提出对珠江三角洲区域经济发展有利的产业结构转型升级的主要应对措施及其建议。     

Do environmental regulations influence the competitiveness of pollution-intensive products?

According to “Pollution Haven Effect”, in order to circumvent stringent environment standards, polluting industries in developed countries will be chosen to locate into developing countries; another way is that developed countries increase imports of pollution-intensive products instead of producing by their own, both of which can contribute to the changes of comparative advantages in the past 30 years. Since 1990s, many scholars have paid special attention on whether environmental regulations affect the trade patterns or not, but the conclusions are ambiguous. This paper, based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model and using 95 and 42 countries sample data in year of 2005, is an empirical analysis which shows that: (1) according to the estimated results based on the “environmental governance” index calculated by CIESIN, environmental regulations do not change the comparative advantages of five types of pollutionintensive goods; (2) On the other hand, when the per capita income is considered as an endogenous indicator of environmental regulation, environmental regulation will significantly promote the comparative advantages in chemical products, iron and steel products and paper products, though environmental regulations do not take any influence on non-metallic minerals products and non-ferrous metals products. I think that appropriate level of environmental regulation can promote a comparative advantage in pollution-intensive goods.     

Gottfried Haberler's 1930 Reformulation of Comparative Advantage in Retrospect

In 1930 Gottfried Haberler freed the doctrine of comparative advantage from its association with David Ricardo's labor theory of value and provided us with its modern opportunity‐cost formulation. Haberler's reformulation of comparative advantage revolutionized the theory of international trade and laid the conceptual foundation of modern trade theory. On the occasion of its 75th anniversary, a symposium has been organized to reflect on and celebrate one of the most durable and fruitful ideas in the history of economic thought. In this introductory paper I revisit Haberler's original formulation, which was published in German in the Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv.     

Competitive and Comparative Advantage: Towards a Unified Theory of International Trade

The field of international business/economics is largely dualistic in nature. On one hand is the economics literature which has, for two centuries, focused on the notion of comparative advantage (technology, factor proportions) while on the other is the business literature which has recently developed the concept of competitive advantage. This paper presents a reconciliation of the two based on global value chain/supply chain analysis and the concept of vertical comparative advantage. It is shown that the theory of competitive advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its ‘how to’ approach to developing an advantage, while the theory of comparative advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its account of ‘what is’ and that both are complementary. However, it is also argued that the failure to recognize this complementarity as well as the shortcomings of each have prevented and continue to prevent the emergence of an integrated, empirically-consistent theory of international trade – in short, prevented us from taking advantage of the gains from epistemological trade.     

电子信息产业国内价值链省域比较优势测度及空间差异研究

为应对后疫情时代全球电子信息产业加剧的“比较优势陷阱”,中国亟需通过国内价值链省域比较优势的互补协同提升整体国际竞争力。在价值链产品内,基于垂直专业化分工框架,兼顾增值能力与劳动生产率两个维度,使用非竞争型投入占用产出模型,设计一个评测国家内部区域电子信息产业真实比较优势的新指标。结果表明,东部沿海省域比较优势强度与广度最为显著,内陆省域比较优势集中于上游能源型部门;制造业部门比较优势凸显,服务业部门比较优势相对薄弱;比较优势高省域集中度与低省域集中度的产业部门中,均存在整体比较优势强弱差异,其中,高省域集中度产业部门比较优势强度更高。     

农村剩余劳动力迁移的充要条件分析——基于预期收入成本理论

笔者结合收益成本理论及托达罗模型,在对农民预期迁移收益和成本分析的基础上,通过调研数据,分别对就地和异地两种迁移方式以及迁移前后的收益进行对比分析。结论显示:第一,农村剩余劳动力就地迁移和异地迁移的最低期望月薪差值远远大于异地迁移成本;第二,农民对就地迁移和异地迁移的最低期望月收入分别是农民在农村剔除务工收入后人均月收入的3.42倍和4.80倍,这两个比例数值即是本文寻求的焦点——农村剩余劳动力迁移的充要条件,并且该比例数值可能会随着不同地区农村经济水平的提高而减小。