《劳动合同法》、企业投资与经济增长

本文分析2008年《劳动合同法》是否会降低企业投资水平,并在宏观层面拖累中国经济增长。研究发现:《劳动合同法》对国有企业投资的影响较弱;但是会显著降低民营企业的投资水平,而且这种效应主要体现在劳动密集型行业,同时这些效应对民营上市公司存在一个"阵痛"期。进一步的检验发现,《劳动合同法》对中国区域经济增长会产生负面影响,而且这种效应主要体现在民营经济投资占比高、民营经济提供就业多的区域。这表明,相对于具有雇员软约束的国有企业,以强化员工保护为目的的《劳动合同法》会降低民营企业的投资水平,进而拖累中国经济增长。就政府政策而言,要保持我国经济的持续快速增长,政府需要制定一些替代性的政策,以对冲《劳动合同法》给企业增加的雇员负担。     

环保投资能带动就业吗?——基于空间杜宾模型的分析

文章利用2004—2013年我国31个省份的面板数据,采用空间杜宾模型偏微分方法比较分析了东部、中部、西部地区环保投资对就业规模的影响及空间溢出效应。实证结果显示:我国各省环保投资具有显著的空间自相关性,一个省的环保投资水平受到邻近省份环保投资水平的影响;环保投资对省域内的就业规模具有正向影响;东部地区关于环保投资的空间溢出效应显著为正,中部、西部地区的并不显著。根据分析结果,政府应该加大环保投资力度,加强地区之间的环保合作以及促进环保产业的发展。     

电信企业基于价格行为的纵向市场圈定与接入规制

电信企业能否达到纵向市场圈定目的,与实施市场圈定的企业和被圈定企业在下游市场的成本差异有关。本文通过构建一个两阶段博弈模型,分析了电信企业基于价格行为的纵向市场圈定与接入规制问题。研究发现,当主导企业的下游附属企业具有成本优势时,则其通过实施价格策略性行为能够达到纵向市场圈定目的;当其处于成本劣势时,则不能通过价格行为实现纵向市场圈定。因此,规制机构在制定接入规制政策时,应根据下游市场两个企业的成本差异选择合理的接入规制方法。当新进入企业成本较低时,可采取有效成分接入定价法和由市场决定接入价格的两种接入规制方法;当两者成本相同时,可采取激励性接入规制方法;当新进入企业成本较高时,可对两者实行不对称接入规制。     

投资回报率价格规制的效率分析

投资回报率价格规制方法通过对投资回报率的直接控制而间接规制价格,是一种非常重要的价格规制形式。尽管投资回报率价格规制方法设计较为严密,但它也暴露出了一些问题。在这种价格规制制度下,企业缺乏减少费用支出的动力,还会产生"A-J效应"和"规制滞后效应,"造成了生产的扭曲,并影响了分配效率。在此背景下,美国等西方发达国家自20世纪80年代以来放松了经济规制,在电力、电信等自然垄断行业中逐渐引入市场竞争机制,这为我国自然垄断行业的改革提供了重要借鉴。     

养老保险费率下降、缴费遵从度与企业异质性反应——基于全国税收调查的微观证据

"减税降费"有利于纾困中小企业和稳定就业,也有利于形成全覆盖和可持续的社保体系,还能够有效促进共同富裕.对过往养老保险降费政策进行科学评估有助于进一步完善社会保障体系,促进社会保障事业高质量、可持续发展.本文以浙江省出台的基本养老保险降费政策为切入点,使用双重差分方法全面评估了降费对企业的参保行为、人均薪资、雇佣和投资水平的影响.本文稳健地发现降费政策主要通过提高企业缴费遵从度这一途径对企业的参保行为产生影响.一方面,降低政策缴费率使得企业参保遵从度上升,特别是非国有企业和大中规模的民营企业;另一方面,降低政策缴费率对企业人均薪资和投资水平均有正向影响,其中国有企业雇佣了更多的职工而非国有企业提高了职工工资和投资水平.本文的研究表明,降低养老保险缴费率可以大幅增加企业基本养老保险覆盖的广度和深度,同时也有稳就业、促投资的积极作用.     

企业对外直接投资中的邻居效应:理论机制分析及实证检验

随着对外开放的扩大和深化,近年来中国企业对外投资增长迅速。企业全球配置生产会面临比国内生产更多的不确定性和风险,为提高投资效率,企业需从多方面获取对外直接投资的知识,包括从邻居企业获取信息和经验等。从理论机制上分析邻居效应产生的原因,包括知识溢出、竞争效应、信号传递、产业链带动等途径。在此基础上,构建2002-2013年期间详细的中国工业企业投资数据,实证检验企业对外直接投资中的邻居效应及其产生机制。结果表明:我国企业对外直接投资中确实存在邻居效应,即邻居企业的对外直接投资行为会通过多种方式促进企业"走出去"。进一步地,在省份范围内的邻居效应影响较弱;在行业内部以及细分投资市场的邻居效应影响较强。因此,应利用邻居企业的对外直接投资信息和经验,发挥企业之间的学习效应,提高我国企业对外直接投资成功率。     

溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响

运用博弈论的方法研究溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响,构建了不同情形下的博弈模型,研究表明:当溢出效应较弱时,合作研发下的政府补贴率最高,但企业更愿意选择集中式决策;当溢出效应中等时,企业的最优策略是合作研发并能够获得较高水平的政府补贴率;当溢出效应较强时,企业的最优策略是选择分散式决策,政府仍会为其设定最优补贴率。分散式决策与合作研发均能使研发投资、消费者剩余和社会福利维持在较高水平;集中式决策不仅会弱化企业的研发投资积极性,还会损害消费者剩余和社会福利。     

企业环保投资影响因素的实证研究

企业环保投资水平直接影响我国的可持续发展战略。在明确企业环保投资内涵的基础上,以重污染企业为调查对象,从文献中提炼企业环保投资的影响因素,运用SPSS 22软件及逐步多元回归的方法进行实证研究。研究结果表明,政府规制、市场结构、管理认知、企业绩效4个因素会对企业环保投资产生影响,而利益相关者压力因素影响不显著。     

分权视角下的环境规制竞争与产业结构调整

基于经济分权和环境规制地区差异,本文利用我国2003-2013年间279个城市的面板数据,考察了环境规制、环境规制竞争的产业结构效应.研究发现:(1)当不考虑环境规制竞争时,我国环境规制强度的增加有利于产业结构升级.(2)当运用空间Durbin模型刻画环境规制竞争后,环境规制对本地产业结构升级的推动作用有所减弱,以模仿策略为主的环境规制竞争会对邻近地区的产业结构水平产生了正向溢出,对邻近地区的累积溢出效应是对本地效应的将近4倍.(3)分区域看,环境规制对本地产业结构升级的推动作用在中西部地区更为突出,东部地区负的空间溢出效应表明东部沿海城市的环境规制竞争并不利于区域整体产业转型升级,政府间更倾向于采取差异化策略,而不是中西部地区的模仿策略.     

FDI对江西经济增长的贡献

投资水平严重不足,资金紧缺已成为制约江西经济发展的瓶颈。FDI可提升产业关联度、促进人力资源开发和产生技术溢出效应。江西FDI的战略定位构想是:建立生态产业集聚园、营造良好的投资环境、完善区域性资本市场、培养“本土化”的高级人才。     

The Impact of State Incentive Regulation on the U.S. Telecommunications Industry

We examine the impact of state incentive regulation on network modernization, aggregate investment, revenue, cost, profit, and local service rates in the U.S. telecommunications industry between 1986 and 1999. We find evidence of greater network modernization under price cap regulation (PCR), earnings sharing regulation (ESR), and rate case moratoria (RCM) than under rate of return regulation (RORR). Costs are generally lower under RCM. Costs are also lower under ESR and PCR when local competition is sufficiently intense. Some local service rates for business customers are lower under PCR. Revenue, profit, aggregate investment, and residential local service rates do not vary systematically under incentive regulation relative to RORR.     

同群效应与公司研发*——来自中国的证据

本文研究了“同群公司”的研发支出对公司自身研发行为的影响。研究发现，同群公司研发支出越多，公司自身研发支出也越多。进一步研究发现，在公司与同群公司地理距离较近或同群公司分析师覆盖程度较高情况下，同群公司研发支出与公司自身研发支出的正相关关系更强。此外，同群公司研发支出会提高公司自身研发支出与未来业绩的正相关程度。研究表明，公司会学习同群公司的研发决策，进而改变其自身研发决策，呈现显著的研发支出同群效应；且公司信息解读成本较低时，研发支出同群效应更为显著。本文不仅丰富了关于研发支出影响因素的研究，还拓展了对研发溢出效应的研究。本文的研究结论对公司制定研发决策具有重要指导意义。     

Capacity investment and green R&D in a dynamic oligopoly under the potential shift in environmental damage

We develop a differential oligopoly game to investigate firms’ capacity investment and green R&D efforts in the presence of the potential shift in environmental damage and under the spillover effect of R&D activities among firms. We find that when both the probability of potential shift in environmental damage and the efficacy of R&D activities are high, the spillover effect will discourage the R&D effort but encourage the capacity investment. Otherwise, the spillover effect will encourage the R&D effort but discourage the capacity investment. Moreover, the potential shift in environmental damage can significantly impact the capacity and green R&D decisions as well as the Pigouvian tax, especially in the case of a large number of firms, a high profitability of the product, a high level of interest rate, and a high level of R&D spillover among firms.     

Do domestic firms learn to export from multinationals?

Attracting inward investment is a major preoccupation of policymakers worldwide, and a wide range of instruments, including direct subventions, are deployed to attract multinational enterprises (MNEs). Intervention is predicated on the assumption that there are direct productivity spillovers associated with the presence of MNEs and the policy of attracting them is targeted at capturing these externalities. Yet robust evidence on direct spillovers is hard to find. An underexplored indirect channel for productivity spillovers is via exports. Exporting firms are more productive than nonexporting firms. Thus, if the presence of MNEs results in more indigenous firms exporting, an indirect productivity spillover will result. In this paper, we identify possible transmission mechanisms for export spillovers and test for their existence on a large panel of firms in the UK. Our results confirm positive spillover effects from MNEs on the decision to export of UK-owned firms as well as on their export propensity.     

The distribution of demand, market structure, and investment in technology

In a quality-ladder growth model, the dispersion in the demand for quality influences the prices innovators may charge for their innovations and the number of such firms that may obtain market shares at any one time. Under a more dispersed distribution, the innovator may only charge a lower price to cover the entire market. The payoff to innovation declines, causing investment to fall. When the dispersion has reached a critical level, the innovator will no longer price out the incumbents, turning the market into a natural oligopoly with firms selling different grades co-existing at any one time, even if it is optimal for all consumers to buy the highest grade available. Any further increases in dispersion raise the payoff to innovation, inducing greater investment.     

中美货币政策变动与国内资产价格调控

后金融危机时代,美国持续量化宽松货币政策所带来的溢出效应已对中国资产价格调整产生实质性影响;美国货币政策变动后可通过利率和国际资本流入进行传导,能直接引起中国股票市场价格的剧烈波动并间接推动房地产价格的上涨;在中国房地产市场正处于深度调控背景下,美国货币政策的进一步放宽将对中国货币政策的适度紧缩形成强烈制约,使中国资产价格调控面临巨大的风险和隐患。     

Entry, Prices, and Investment in Regulated Industries

The paper studies how the optimal regulatory policy is affected by the possibility of unregulated firms entering the market. In such cases, the regulator may prefer to limit price and cost reductions in the regulated incumbent. The extent to which this happens is shown to depend on the extent of the regulator's commitment: if it commits to a chosen policy, then the market outcome following entry is less competitive than it would be without commitment: price and production costs are both higher. We also show that, unlike the natural monopoly case, incentives for cost reducing investment are stronger when the regulatory policy has a short regulatory interval.     

The capital structure and investment of regulated firms under alternative regulatory regimes

This paper explains how regulated firms choose their capital structure and examines the effects of this choice on investment and on regulated prices. It is shown that in equilibrium, firms have an optimal debt level and that given this debt level, the regulated price is set high enough to ensure that firms never become financially distressed. The analysis of the equilibrium yields testable hypotheses concerning the effects of changes in cost parameters and in the regulatory climate on the equilibrium investment level, capital structure, and regulated price. The analysis also shows that a regulatory restriction on the ability of the firm to issue securities may have an adverse effect on investment and consequently may harm consumers.     

Investment Incentives in Procurement Auctions

This paper investigates firms' incentives to invest in cost reduction in the first price sealed bid auction, a format largely used for procurement. Two central features of the model are that we allow firms to be heterogeneous and that investment is observable. We find that firms will tend to underinvest in cost reduction because they anticipate fiercer head-on competition. Using the second price auction as a benchmark, we also find that the first price auction will elicit less investment from market participants and that this is socially inefficient. These results have implications for market design when investment is important.     

The impact of foreign direct investment on innovation at domestic firms: Evidence from the deregulation of foreign investment in China

This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on innovation by domestic firms in China. A difference-in-difference estimation strategy yields causal evidence by exploiting China's deregulation of FDI in 2002. Analysis of a matched firm–patent data set from 1998 to 2007 shows that both the quantity and quality of innovation by domestic firms benefited from the presence of FDI. Emphasizing the importance of knowledge spillover from FDI in similar technology domains, the authors examine the role of horizontal FDI and FDI in technologically close industries—those sharing similar technology domains. Findings show that the latter generates much more substantial positive spillover than the former. The paper also shows that knowledge spillover from FDI in similar technology domains is not driven by input–output linkages. In addition, the spillover effect is stronger in cities with higher human capital stock and firms with higher absorptive capacity.