低碳理念下的南京市土地集约利用评价

研究目的：从发展低碳经济和转变城市土地利用方式出发,建立低碳理念下的城市土地集约利用评价模型。研究方法：系统分析法,ANP方法,障碍度模型和实证研究法。研究结果：1998—2009年南京市城市土地集约利用水平呈总体上升态势,土地产出效益和土地投入水平在发挥着主要作用,但土地产出效益和土地低碳水平的障碍度最大。研究结论：本评价体系较客观地反映了低碳理念下城市土地集约利用发展水平和趋势。     

安徽省低碳经济发展水平综合评价

从经济状况、工业能耗和环保再生等3个方面选取指标,建立安徽省16市的低碳经济发展水平评价体系,运用因子分析法对安徽省低碳经济发展水平进行分析评价。结果显示,安徽省低碳经济发展整体水平不高,城市之间及单个城市内部存在低碳经济发展不协调的情况。提出了推动低碳技术发展、注重人才队伍建设、促进第三产业发展、提高资源再生能力、全方位协同发展等政策建议。     

湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平测度

［目的］随着旅游业的快速发展，旅游碳排放量逐渐增加，湖南省是我国发展旅游业的重要省份，通过对湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平进行研究，为我国发展低碳旅游提供理论参考。［方法］文章利用层次分析法构建湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平评价指标体系，通过调查法对各指标进行赋值，采用加权综合评价模型计算湖南省低碳旅游发展水平综合得分，并根据划分标准作出评价。［结果］层次分析法结果表明资源环境低碳化管理的权重值最大为0493，游客低碳行为的权重值为0311，企业低碳化经营的权重值为0196。LCTE模型得到湖南省低碳发展水平综合得分为0659，属于低碳发展阶段，距离成熟阶段尚存在较大的距离。［结论］从整体上看，湖南省政府低碳化管理水平相对较好，旅客的低碳化意识有待提高，企业低碳化经营方面较差。因此，建议政府继续加强对低碳旅游发展的管理，强化低碳标准，提高低碳化意识； 加强对企业的监督和引导，积极引导企业推进节能减排技术； 加大教育和宣传力度，提高大众的低碳意识，从行动上实现低碳旅游模式。     

低碳农业经济指标体系构建及对江苏省的评价

[目的]在低碳经济正成为世界经济社会发展新趋势的背景下,低碳农业成为新的探究热点。科学构建低碳农业经济评价指标体系,有利于为科学评判低碳农业经济发展质量提供重要依据,江苏省作为我国农业大省和经济发达的重叠区,以其为例进行低碳农业经济发展评价对于我国农业发展方向和模式具有先导意义。[方法]基于对低碳农业经济概念和内涵的系统分析,构建由农业发展水平、化学品投入强度、能源利用效率、资源有效利用水平、农业废弃物利用水平等5个准则层的18个指标构成的低碳农业发展水平综合评价指标体系,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定评价指标体系中各指标的权重,并应用线性加权和综合评价模型对江苏省的低碳农业发展水平进行了评价。[结果]江苏省低碳农业从2005年开始得到了快速发展,其中化学品投入强度是制约江苏省低碳农业发展的主要因素,而能源利用效率是促进其发展的关键因素。[结论]降低农业生产中的化肥、农药及农膜等化学投入品的强度,可以使江苏省低碳农业的发展水平有效提升,应予以重点关注。     

城市消费者对低碳农产品的支付意愿研究——以低碳猪肉为例

本文基于南京市城市消费者的调查数据,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算消费者对低碳猪肉的意愿支付水平,并且进一步分析影响消费者对低碳猪肉支付意愿的因素。研究结果表明,消费者对低碳猪肉的平均支付价格为18.95元(初始价格为15元),平均支付意愿为3.95元;低碳猪肉价格、消费者低碳农产品认知度、家庭收入、家庭人口、受教育程度等对消费者支付意愿均有显著影响。     

低碳经济发展评价指标体系的构建

从低碳经济发展评价指标体系的构建原则、评价指标体系框架及主要指标的解释对低碳经济发展评价指标体系进行研究,以推动我国低碳经济的发展水平的提高。     

浅谈低碳经济视角下的城市发展实践

低碳经济视角下,我国城市建设发展要科学构建各项发展路径指标,完善城市建设管理制度内容,引导广大城市居民共同参与到低碳环保城市建设工作中,从而全面提升低碳城市建设管理水平。低碳经济要求城市建设要创新发展新能源技术,注重提高清洁能源开发使用效率,科学保护社会生态发展环境,最终实现人类社会稳定可持续发展。对低碳视角下的城市发展实践展开分析与探讨。     

林业资源型城市低碳发展评价研究

随着人类社会环境、能源与发展三者之间矛盾的凸显,主张低污染、高效率、更多使用清洁能源的低碳发展方式已经成全世界的共识。城市作为化石能源的主要消费场所,其低碳式发展程度直接影响一个地区一个国家的低碳发展。低碳城市评价研究可以发现低碳发展中出现的问题,可以衡量低碳发展的业绩,从而为低碳发展提供政策建议。借鉴参考全国性的低碳城市评价体系,提出林业资源型城市低碳评价指标体系发展。     

基于熵权—集对分析法的乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康评价

[目的]土地利用系统的健康关系着土地资源的可持续利用。通过研究乌鲁木齐市的土地利用系统的健康状况,有助于实现区域内资源、经济和社会的可持续发展。[方法]基于低碳视角构建城市土地利用系统健康评价指标体系,熵权法确定指标权重,运用集对模型对乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康状况进行评价。[结果](1)2005~2014年乌鲁木齐市土地利用系统健康水平总体呈上升趋势,经历了"不健康→临界状态→亚健康"的过程。(2)系统结构和系统功能经历了"不健康"到"亚健康"过程;系统效益经历了"病态"到"初级健康"的历程。[结论]为改善研究区土地利用系统健康状况,提出了保障耕地数量和质量安全、优化土地资源配置、调整和优化产业结构、发展低碳能源、促进城市土地低碳利用的建议。     

低碳经济条件下企业财务评价指标体系重构

本文从界定低碳经济条件下的企业财务目标入手,对企业财务评价指标进行了扩充,设计了反映企业低碳业绩和低碳能力的指标,构建了低碳经济条件下的企业财务评价指标体系.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.