基于复杂网络和乘客选择理论醮长三角机场群研究

中国航空运输业正在致力于形成合理的枢纽机场和支线航空的空间布局。本文研究航空机场布局和旅客流量分布的空间不平衡性，以长江三角洲机场密集但整体效率不佳的情况为例，从复杂网络和乘客出行路径选择理论出发，建立出行路径选择优化模型，分析乘客的航空出行路线选择，利用复杂网络中的介数概念说明枢纽机场的中转服务对周边机场的抑制作用。我们采用实际的航空数据进行了计算和模拟，得到了目前长三角地区各机场的介数和带权介数，并举南京为例做了具体分析，最后对今后机场发展和空间布局建设提出了建议。     

Airline consolidation and the distribution of traffic between primary and secondary hubs

Several airline consolidation events have recently been completed both in Europe and in the United States. The model we develop considers two airlines operating hub-and-spoke networks, using different hubs to connect the same spoke airports. We assume the airlines to be vertically differentiated, which allows us to distinguish between primary and secondary hubs. We conclude that this differentiation in air services becomes more accentuated after consolidation, with an increased number of flights being channeled through the primary hub. However, congestion can act as a brake on the concentration of flight frequency in the primary hub following consolidation. Our empirical application involves an analysis of Delta's network following its merger with Northwest. We find evidence consistent with an increase in the importance of Delta's primary hubs at the expense of its secondary airports. We also find some evidence suggesting that the carrier chooses to divert traffic away from those hub airports that were more prone to delays prior to the merger, in particular New York's JFK airport.     

运用AHP方法研究上海浦东空港的亚太竞争力

从亚太主要航空枢纽机场的现状和国际背景出发,建立了枢纽机场建设的AHP定量分析评价体系。通过对五个主要空港的竞争力进行对比分析,提出上海浦东机场与亚太主要竞争对手的优势与不足,以及目前上海浦东机场的差距主要表现在五个方面,并有针对性地提出了改进政策措施。     

Sustainability reporting,materiality, and accountability assessment in the airport industry

Air travel is, nowadays, recognized as being one of the most popular modes of transport. Air transport is among the most significant contributors to the world gross domestic product and is accountable for a great environmental and social impact. Driven by the well‐established sustainability discourse and the vital role businesses can play in disseminating the sustainable development concept, this paper attempted to map airport industry's most material operational aspects and assess airport operators' accountability level on disclosing corporate information regarding airports' economic, environmental, and social performance. In this context, 33 reports and 903 material issues representing 193 international airports were reviewed and assessed, and a methodology for benchmarking the accountability level of best reporting airport operators was developed, showcasing materiality assessment as a useful management tool for strengthening airport operators' business strategy and enhancing their corporate performance. The paper indicated that (a) customer focus (i.e., health, safety and satisfaction), economic viability, and business continuity and preparedness are operational aspects of high materiality and (b) the disclosure level, especially concerning specific performance indicators, is still moderate. In conclusion, this study has shown that materiality assessment gains ground as a management tool among airports' management teams and the completeness of Sustainability reports is positively correlated with the “level” of adherence as described by the Global Reporting Initiative.     

Airport infrastructure spillovers in a network system

Airports in the US air transport network have become increasingly congested, leading to delays for business travelers and freight shipments. Since disruptions in one part of the network exacerbate problems throughout the system, airport infrastructure expansions to enhance air traffic flows confer travel-time savings and reliability benefits, and thus increased worker productivity and shipping efficiency for manufacturing firms. We evaluate such spillovers, and find that higher own-state airport infrastructure implies lower manufacturing costs from both labor- and materials-savings. Airport expansion in connected states has a comparable effect for states with hub airports, and an even greater impact for other states.     

基于DEA评价模型的我国国际机场效率分析

文章以2011年我国民航运输量排名前30位的国际机场为样本,每个机场分别选取3个投入指标和产出指标,进行模型构建和数据分析。总样本数为180个,通过数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA)方法和常用的评估技术有效和规模有效的CCR模型。评估我国国际机场总体的运营效率值和我国机场的效率优化,分析影响我国不同区域机场效率差异的相关因素,并指出运营无效的主要原因及提高效率的途径。结果显示我国大多数机场属于运营无效,其中,机场运营无效源于纯技术无效或规模无效。最后针对不同类型机场给出了提高效率的建议。     

Are Frequent‐Flyer Programs a Cause of the “Hub Premium”?

This paper estimates the relationship between frequent-flyer programs (FFPs) and fares at hub airports. I exploit the formation of partnerships that allowed members of one airline's FFP to earn that airline's points on flights operated by its partner. If FFPs allow an airline to charge higher fares on routes that depart from its hubs, these partnerships should allow an airline's partner to charge higher fares on routes that depart from these same airports. I find that offering the FFP points of the dominant carrier at an airport does, indeed, lead to higher fares. Combining these estimates with estimates of the "hub premium" suggests that FFPs may account for at least 25% of the "hub premium. "     

从"城市的机场"到"机场的城市"——一种新城市空间的形成

剖析了空港都市区形成的动力机制及其地域圈层结构,研究表明,在经济发达且拥有区域性航空枢纽的地区,临空产业因机场特有的区位优势和要素集聚功能而聚集在机场周边,它们在城市郊区化和交通运输方式变革带来的扩散效应和临空产业集聚的共生效应的共同作用下,形成相互依托、具有自我组织能力的临空产业高度集中的经济区域。临空产业聚集同时具备地方化和城市化两种效应,机场周边地区因此演化成一种新的城市空间——空港都市区。     

Airline flight networks, cycle times, and profitability: 2004–2006

This research investigates the relationships between airline flight networks, aircraft cycle times, and carrier profitability for ten large US domestic airlines. We find that direct point-to-point flight networks and short cycle times are operational factors that airlines should exploit to improve profitability. These findings are based on the analysis of 11.9 million flight records from 2004 through 2006. The results contradict earlier research validating performance advantages of hub-and-spoke flight networks. Today, the advantages of passenger consolidation at hub airports are lost to lower aircraft utilization and productivity problems created by the extended cycle times at hubs. We also find that airline operating profit can be increased by improving the efficiency of the aircraft turnaround process and decreasing aircraft fleet complexity. This research also provides an estimate of the marginal opportunity cost of ground time. A 1-min reduction in aircraft fleet ground time increases the average sized carriers’ operating income by $12 to $18 million.     

Mafia risk perception: Evaluating the effect of organized crime on firm technical efficiency and investment proclivity

The presence of illegal organizations in economic development settings contributes to the Italian economy’s regional heterogeneity by exacerbating other inefficiencies. We aim to investigate how three indicators of awareness of criminal interest in a firm’s activities affect the latter’s efficiency, as well as examining a potential channel through which illegal activities could hinder firm performance, using a unique set of firm-level data. According to our findings, the presence of criminal network pressure in a firm’s environment reduces its technical efficiency and propensity to invest. This phenomenon is particularly strong in Italy’s underdeveloped regions, across all illicit considered and risk classes, with inefficiency doubling when the fear of crime becomes significant. A similar pattern emerges in terms of firm investment proclivity. The research findings are relevant for policymakers because they demonstrate that even the perception of a criminal threat has significant effects on a firm’s performance; consequently, enhancing legal protection could prevent significant economic and social costs.     

机场与城市物流园区关系的研究

在经济全球化和区域一体化的宏观背景下，机场作为所在城市的门户，越来越体现出它的重要作用，一些大型机场的服务范围甚至覆盖了整个经济区。从现代世界经济的逐步开放和国际化的经济活动规律可知，一个现代化的经济、金融、贸易中心城市，机场一定是城市物流团区不可缺少的重要资源。本文主要分析了城市的物流园区和机场处于怎样的地位，结合物流园区发展的规律，提出现代化机场的物流服务内容及模式，从而阐述了机场与城市物流园区之间的关系。     

Natural disasters,growth and institutions: A tale of two earthquakes

We examine the impact of natural disasters on GDP per capita by applying the synthetic control approach and using a within-country perspective. Our analysis encompasses two large-scale earthquakes that occurred in two different Italian regions in 1976 and 1980. We show that the short-term effects are negligible in both regions, though they become negative if we simulate the GDP that would have been observed in absence of financial aid. In the long-term, our findings indicate a positive effect in one case and a negative effect in the other, largely reflecting divergent patterns of the TFP. Consistent with these findings, we offer further evidence suggesting that a quake and related financial aid might either increase technical efficiency via a disruptive creation mechanism or reduce it by stimulating corruption, distorting the markets and deteriorating social capital. Finally, we show that the bad outcome is more likely to occur in regions with lower pre-quake institutional quality. As a result, our evidence suggests that unanticipated local shocks are likely to change long run growth rates, exacerbating territorial disparities.     

Capacity shortfall and efficiency determinants in Brazilian airports: Evidence from bootstrapped DEA estimates

This paper reports on the use of different approaches for assessing efficiency related-issues in 63 major Brazilian airports. Starting out with the bootstrapping technique presented in Simar and Wilson (1998, 2004), several DEA estimates were generated, allowing the use of confidence intervals and bias correction in central estimates to test for significant differences in efficiency levels, returns-to-scale, and input-decreasing/output-increasing potentials. The findings corroborate anecdotal and empirical evidence regarding a capacity shortfall within Brazilian airports, where infrastructure slack is virtually inexistent, regardless of the airport type and location.     

A stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the relative efficiency of Spanish airports

There exists a common belief among researchers and regional policy makers that the actual central system of Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA) should be changed to one more decentralized where airport managers could have more autonomy. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the efficiency of the Spanish airports using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to estimate a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model. Our results show the existence of a significant level of inefficiency in airport operations. Additionally, we provide efficient marginal cost estimates for each airport which also cast some doubts about the current pricing practices.     

亚洲机场物流运作模式分析及启示

亚洲航空物流发展迅速,中国更是成为世界上航空货运发展最快的国家.然而与发达国家相比,我国机场的航空物流业还存在很多问题.香港、新加坡、汉城和东京四个亚洲最有代表性的机场航空物流运作模式各有特点,对其优缺点的分析能够为中国机场建设航空物流枢纽提供借鉴.     

Performance evaluation of social service provision in Italian major municipalities using Network Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper employs Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) to measure the municipality performance. The NDEA approach allows to have a more comprehensive evaluation of the municipality performance if compared to traditional DEA. The proposed NDEA model aims at shedding new light on the efficiency-effectiveness relationship in the provision of social services by municipalities. Municipal efficiency and effectiveness are combined to generate a single performance measure which can be considered as a proxy measure of the value for money of municipality services. A sample including 103 major Italian municipalities is used as a case to implement the proposed model. Findings indicate that there is no trade-off between the efficiency and effectiveness components of the overall municipal performance score, but rather they appear to be preconditions of each other. Therefore, higher level of performance can be achieved without conflicting one against the other. Furthermore, only 6 municipalities achieve the highest performance level, suggesting that there is still room for improving the performance of a great number of municipalities.     

我国国际机场运营效率研究——基于DEA模型的评估与优化

运用DEA模型评估我国30家国际机场的效率,并从投入和产出上指出了无效机场的优化路径。实证结果显示,机场在总体上运营稳定,但大部分仍处于无效生产前沿面上。导致机场运营无效率的原因包括纯技术和规模两方面,其中前者是东部地区机场无效的主要原因,而后者则是中西部机场无效的最大根源。机场效率的优化会因其规模报酬特征而异。最后针对不同类型机场给出了提高效率的建议。     

The effect of individual HR domains on financial performance: evidence from Belgian small businesses

The contribution of this study, which assesses the influence of HRM on financial performance, is fourfold. (1) We assess the relative contribution of different HR domains to organizational performance. By controlling for the overall HRM intensity in all analyses we try to meet one of the most striking shortcomings of ‘single HR practice research’, namely the neglect of the potential simultaneity that might exist with other HR practices. (2) By studying small Belgian companies, we focus on the importance of HRM for small business management. (3) Relying on bankruptcy prediction models, we optimize the conceptualization of financial performance. (4) Using structural equation modelling, we try to capture the mediating effect of operational performance on the relationship between HRM and financial performance. The analyses indicate mixed results for different HR domains with regard to their impact on operational and financial performance.     

Operational excellence in a green supply chain for environmental management: A case study

Nowadays, organizations have started to become more conscious about the environment in their supply chain operations. The greening process has guided supply chain practices into new ways of thinking according to green standards. The assessment of the performance of green supply chain management (GSCM) requires a holistic view for the whole supply chain. In this context, given that becoming green in the operational side of activities is essential, the performance assessment of operational activities also requires a holistic view to be taken. In this paper, an attempt has been made to improve the performance of GSCM by examining and evaluating the green operational excellence of a hot dip galvanizing company. The framework includes several green operational excellence key criteria, namely, quality management, efficiency management, green production/manufacturing, eco‐packaging, and green design. First, the weights of the criteria and the respective measurements were found by fuzzy analytic network process. Then, the overall operational performance score was found by a weighted scoring method. Finally, both managerial and theoretical implications were suggested according to the outcomes and findings of the case study.     

Improving productivity and firm performance with enterprise resource planning

Productivity is generally considered to be the efficient utilisation of organisational resources and is measured in terms of the efficiency of a worker, company or nation. Focusing on efficiency alone, however, can be harmful to the organisation's long-term success and competitiveness. The full benefits of productivity improvement measures are realised when productivity is examined from two perspectives: operational efficiency (output/input) of an individual worker or a business unit as well as performance (effectiveness) with regard to end user or customer satisfaction. Over the years, corporations have adopted new technology to integrate business activities in order to achieve both effectiveness and efficiency in their operations. In recent years, many firms have invested in enterprise resource planning (ERP) in order to integrate all business activities into a uniform system. The implementation of ERP enables the firm to reduce the transaction costs of the business and improve its productivity, customer satisfaction and profitability.