论基于人力资本溢出视角下的城乡收入差距问题

改革开放以来，伴随着国民经济的快速发展，城乡收入差距日益拉大。这个问题已经影响到国民经济的健康发展与社会的和谐稳定。通过对城乡收入差距的影响因素分析可以发现：人力资本溢出因素对城乡收入差距拉大有显著影响。为此，政府需要加大对农村的人力资本投资，形成城乡之间人力资本的合理流动，促进经济的健康发展，从而有效缩小城乡之间的收入差距。     

山东省人力资本投资与城乡收入差距实证分析

本文在对山东省城乡居民人力资本投资核算的基础上,采用协整检验和误差修正模型,实证分析了山东省城乡收入差距与要素投入的关系。结果表明,1980—2006年城乡劳动力投入差距和人力资本投资差距对山东省城乡收入差距的作用要远大于城乡物质资本投资差距。以政府为主导,提高农村普通劳动者的基本素质,加强农村人力资本投资,是当前缩小山东省城乡收入差距、实现城乡经济协调发展的有效途径。     

城镇化缩小城乡收入差距了吗?——基于全国31省区2004—2013年面板数据的实证分析

基于空间杜宾模型构建城乡收入差距模型,并运用2004-2013年的相关数据进行实证分析。结果表明:中国城镇化水平提高对缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的作用,但是不显著;经济发展水平、人力资本水平的提高和基础设施建设投入对缩小城乡收入差距具有显著的促进作用;产业结构的非农化进一步加剧了城乡收入差距。各要素具有空间交互作用,城镇化水平、产业结构非农化和基础设施建设投入在省区间具有竞争效应,会使本省区城乡收入差距扩大;人均收入水平和人力资本水平的提高对本省区缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的促进作用。因此,各省区在制定缩小城乡收入差距战略时不仅要考虑本省区自身的发展战略,同时要注意与邻接省区战略的协调。     

产业结构、人力资本分布结构与收入差距

文章将产业结构、人力资本分布结构与收入差距纳入到一个三元分析框架中,认为产业结构升级会推动人力资本投资强度与结构不断调整,一方面促进人力资本结构调整与优化,另一方面可长期显著提升就业能力与平均收入,缩小城乡收入差距。随后的实证分析与理论分析基本一致:人力资本分布结构优化较产业结构优化更能缩小收入差距,同时,收入差距的改善也会惠及产业结构升级、人力资本分布结构优化,但当前的产业结构与人力资本分布结构之间耦合效率较低,甚至发生相互掣肘的效率损耗。因此,在加大产业结构调整的同时,应充分考虑人力资本分布结构的演进特征,充分促进产业结构与人力资本分布结构之间良性互动。     

国际外包与中国城乡收入差距关系的实证研究:1981～2007

基于内生经济增长理论的核心观点,本文在专用要素模型分析框架下将国际外包的经济效应分解为产出技术效应和成本技术效应,对外包与中国城乡收入差距的关系进行了实证研究。结果显示,在当前城乡人力资本水平存在明显差异的情况下,收入差距与中间品贸易存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,而中间品贸易进口和贸易结构的升级则是导致差距扩大的重要原因。因此,缩小城乡人力资本水平的差异应该成为解决城乡收入差距问题的长期着力点。     

我国城乡二元经济中的人力资本投资差异研究

近年来,我国城乡居民收入差距呈扩大趋势,经济发展的二元特征更加明显,而城市和农村部门的人力资本水平差异是其深层次原因。本文运用内生增长理论和人力资本投资收益模型,对我国城乡收入差距的现状与趋势进行了分析。缩小城乡居民收入差距,打破二元经济结构,就要通过政府的政策设计,加大对农村教育的投资,以提高农村人力资本的积累。     

人力资本、市场化、人口出生率与城乡收入差距

本文主要利用各省区的横截面数据,通过理论和实证相结合的分析方法,考察我国城乡收入差距不断扩大的原因。分析结论显示,只有提高人力资本存量绝对水平、缩小城乡人力资本存量水平的差距,提高市场化程度以及降低人口出生率,才能从根本上消除我国城乡收入差距。     

我国城乡二元经济中的人力资本投资差异研究

近年来,我国城乡居民收入差距呈扩大趋势,经济发展的二元特征更加明显,而城市和农村部门的人力资本水平差异是其深层次原因.本文运用内生增长理论和人力资本投资收益模型,对我国城乡收入差距的现状与趋势进行了分析.缩小城乡居民收入差距,打破二元经济结构,就要通过政府的政策设计,加大对农村教育的投资,以提高农村人力资本的积累.     

FDI的流入必然会扩大城乡收入差距吗?

本文在理论分析FDI如何影响城乡收入差距基础上,基于1992～2007年间省级面板数据的估计结果显示:FDI的流入能够抑制城乡收入差距的扩大趋势,此外FDI还是缩小城乡收入差距的内生性变量。在控制变量中,政府财政支出是扩大城乡收入差距的重要因素,而经济增长和物质资本积累却能够显著地缩小城乡收入差距,人力资本积累和对外开放程度对城乡收入差距的影响却不显著。     

金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响——基于中部六省2000-2011年面板数据的实证分析

为了研究金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响,论文采用了以城乡居民人口比重加权的基尼系数,以金融发展规模、金融发展效率作为衡量金融发展的指标,选取了合理的控制变量,基于中部六省2000-2011年的面板数据,借鉴并扩展了Clark,Xu和Zou的模型进行回归分析。实证结果表明,城乡收入差距与金融发展规模、金融发展效率存在协整关系;金融发展规模显著缩小了城乡收入差距,金融发展效率显著扩大了城乡收入差距,且前者的影响弱于后者,金融发展总体上对城乡收入差距的扩大具有显著的正向影响。第一、第二产业、城镇化都显著缩小了城乡收入差距,人力资本和农林水事务支出的影响不显著。城乡收入差距自身具有较强的、显著的、滞后效应。最后本文给出了相应的政策建议。     

Bubbles, crises, and policy

In many recent cases financial liberalization has led to a bubblein asset prices. The bursting of the bubble results in a bankingcrisis and recession. It is suggested such bubbles are causedby an interaction of the risk-shifting problem arising fromagency relationships in intermediaries and uncertainty concerningthe expansion of credit. Two important policy objectives areidentified. The first is the prevention of bubbles in assetprices. The second is minimizing the impact of spillovers onto the real economy during post-bubble banking crises. The differentpolicy approaches taken in Norway and Japan are compared.     

Finance, governments, and trade

We study how financial transactions may respond to exogenous variation in trade opportunities not only directly, but also through policy channels. In more open economies, governments may find it more difficult to fund and enforce public policies that substitute private financial transactions, and more appealing to deregulate financial markets. We propose a simple theoretical model of such policy-mediated relationships between trade and financial development. Empirically, we document in a country panel dataset that, before the 2007–2008 crisis, financial market volumes were robustly and negatively related to the share of government consumption in GDP in regressions that also include indicators of financial regulation and trade openness, and we seek support for a causal interpretation of this result in instrumental variable specifications.     

Migration,FDI, and Welfare

We investigate migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) for a small trading economy. Historically, immigration in small countries has been accompanied by FDI inflows (complementary capital movements). Based on the skill composition of migrants, empirical evidence finds that skilled immigration is accompanied by FDI inflows but unskilled immigration is accompanied by FDI outflows (substitutable capital movements). We prove that the Heckscher-Ohlin model cannot reconcile these apparently contradictory observations. We introduce a theoretical model in which capital and unskilled labor are sector specific, and demonstrate that this model can reconcile the historical and empirical observations on migration and FDI.     

Offshoring,wages, and heterogeneity

Considering heterogeneous responses by skill group to material and service offshoring, we examine the relationship between offshoring and the individual wages of workers in the U.S. labor market. We find that offshoring has been beneficial for high-skill workers but detrimental for middle- and low-skill workers. In particular, service offshoring, which has been widespread since 2000, has severely affected the labor market, compared to material offshoring.     

Emotions,Sanctions, and Cooperation

We use skin conductance responses and self‐reported hedonic valence to study the emotional basis of cooperation and punishment in a social dilemma. We argue that the availability of sanctions sets in motion a “virtuous emotional circle” that accompanies cooperation. Emotional reaction to free riding leads cooperators to apply sanctions. In response, and in addition to the monetary consequences of receiving sanctions, the negative emotions experienced by the free‐riders when punished lead them to increase their subsequent level of cooperation. The outcome is an increased level of cooperation that becomes a new norm. Therefore, emotions sustain both the use of altruistic punishment and cooperation.     

Growth, equality, and history

Complex policy issues deserve frequent reassessment, and the relationship between economic growth and equality is undeniably complex. Policymakers who care about trade-offs between the two goals continue to press the scientific limits of empirical economics. It takes an enormous sample of long-term national experiences to approximate the data base necessary to move debate from allegation to evidence. Fortunately, the sample continues to expand. Since the 1950s dozens of countries have produced evidence on income distribution and growth, and the records of some currently developed countries have been extended back into the 17th century. This article assesses the empirical harvest. Most of our inferences, however, are based on American and British history.