世界城市服务业发展的结构特征与经验借鉴

随着世界城市产业结构升级进程加快,服务业不仅成为主导产业,其内部结构也在不断调整优化。以伦敦、纽约、巴黎和东京为例,阐述世界城市服务业在行业结构及空间布局方面的共同特征。世界城市的主导产业是生产性服务业和创意产业等高端服务业,空间布局逐步调整为多中心、网络化的空间结构,为中国大城市服务业发展提供了国际经验。     

国际大都市新城发展特点比较

进入21世纪,以北京、上海、广州为代表的中国大城市开始着眼于"大城市、大郊区"发展战略的实施,郊区新城成为这些城市新一轮城市发展的重要空间.早在20世纪中期,发达国家的一些大城市便实行了重点开发郊区新城的城市发展战略,在半个多世纪的发展过程中,形成了比较丰富的经验和教训.本文着重分析了国际大城市郊区新城建设的历史经验和发展趋势,期待能对我国大城市郊区新城规划建设有所裨益.     

城市空间结构多中心度与集聚度对PM2.5浓度的影响——基于企业空间分布的视角

基于35个大城市企业空间分布数据，结合Lasso和OLS回归分析模型，分析了城市空间结构多中心度和集聚度对城市PM_2.5浓度的影响。结果表明，以企业空间分布表征的城市空间结构能够有效反映城市经济活动空间集聚对PM_2.5浓度的影响。在控制城市社会经济和自然环境等因素后，发现多中心城市的PM_2.5浓度更低，而空间结构越紧凑的城市PM_2.5浓度则越高，城市空间多中心发展对PM_2.5浓度的影响大于城市空间集聚度。总体来说，在中国主要的大城市中，分散化多中心城市拥有更好的空气质量。建议通过合理的城市规划和管理政策，鼓励适度分散的多中心城市发展，以实现更高的城市空气质量和更少的污染物排放。     

多中心空间结构对城市碳减排的影响研究——基于中国超特大城市的实证分析

空间结构布局是城市综合发展需要考虑的核心因素，对于规模巨大的超大城市和特大城市更是如此。目前，中国部分超特大城市实施多中心策略，其是否满足生态城市的建设需求值得探讨。基于2005—2019年中国超特大城市的面板数据，使用社会网络法测度城市多中心程度，实证考察大型城市多中心空间结构对其碳排放的影响。研究发现：超特大城市的多中心程度对城市的碳排放总量和强度均呈现先增加后抑制的倒U型关系。进一步对拐点进行分析发现，多数超特大城市处于提升多中心程度将促进碳减排的阶段。机制分析说明，城市多中心程度通过城市创新影响碳排放，城市公路设施水平则负向调节城市多中心程度对碳排放的影响。     

多中心空间结构对小城市经济效率的影响及作用机制——基于长三角城市群的经验分析

在空间结构视角下,运用位序—规模法则对长三角城市群内部空间结构进行测度,并以长三角城市群108个县级小城市为研究对象,考察了城市群多中心空间结构对小城市经济效率的影响和作用机制.结果 表明:长三角城市群内多中心空间结构对小城市经济效率有显著的促进作用,且这一结果在不同的稳健性检验下都成立.对于人口规模较小的县级小城市,多中心空间结构的经济促进效应更强.在作用机制方面,多中心空间结构可以通过优化产业结构与市场潜能的途径来提高小城市经济效率.因此,强化多中心的空间结构有助于长三角城市群小城市经济效率的提高,也有利于加快推进长三角区域一体化发展.     

中国动漫:"病树"前头万木春

中国动漫:越来越热 今年,动漫热在全国各大城市风靡.炎热署假,各大中城市举办的动漫巡展此起彼伏,热潮一浪高过一浪.仅8月北京的动漫嘉年华,就吸引了数万名动画漫画迷.而在全国,热热闹闹的"国际城市动漫展"刚降下帷幕.10月份,"东南亚动漫巡回展"也已敲定在上海举行.而在七八两个月期间,仅在上海就有七个不同的动漫展举行.10月1日到10日期间,广州也有两个动漫展分别在锦汉展览中心和花城展览中心同时举行.     

大城市快速轨道交通线网空间布局

文章主要分析大城市空间结构演化过程中轨道线网结构特征及其积极作用 ,寻求与我国大城市空间结构发展相适应的快速轨道交通线网空间布局。     

"大城市化"发展趋势探究——基于联合国世界经济和社会事务部数据库相关数据的分析

采用联合国世界经济和社会事务部数据库的最新数据,从总体和分类别等多个维度进行分析,发现世界上绝大多数国家和地区存在大城市化现象,少部分国家和地区正在步入大城市化时代.在经济发展水平和城镇化水平较低的阶段,大城市化现象最明显.随着经济发展水平和城镇化水平的提高,大城市化居于主导地位的可能性越来越大.中国目前的大城市化发展处于正常范围,无论是从人口规模还是从经济与城镇化发展前景来看,大城市化居于主导地位都是大概率事件.     

"大城市化"发展趋势探究——基于联合国世界经济和社会事务部数据库相关数据的分析

采用联合国世界经济和社会事务部数据库的最新数据,从总体和分类别等多个维度进行分析,发现世界上绝大多数国家和地区存在大城市化现象,少部分国家和地区正在步入大城市化时代.在经济发展水平和城镇化水平较低的阶段,大城市化现象最明显.随着经济发展水平和城镇化水平的提高,大城市化居于主导地位的可能性越来越大.中国目前的大城市化发展处于正常范围,无论是从人口规模还是从经济与城镇化发展前景来看,大城市化居于主导地位都是大概率事件.     

我国大城市郊区化与汽车产业的发展

在我国大城市出现的郊区化现象与西方发达国家具有若干相似性 ,也存在大量的不同特征和不同的动力机制。郊区化是城市化发展到一定阶段的产物 ,是大城市空间结构调整的表现形式。在合理的城市与区域规划引导下 ,郊区化与汽车产业的发展将会相互促进 ,并推动大城市空间结构的优化     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.