我国银行业资本缓冲的周期性及其经济效应研究——基于银行信贷供给机制的视角

全球性金融危机引发了学者们对银行资本缓冲周期性及其经济效应的争论,银行计提资本缓冲会通过影响其信贷供给对实体经济产生溢出效应,因而研究其周期性问题意义重大.本文采用我国87家商业银行的数据,对我国银行业资本缓冲的周期性进行了实证研究.结果显示:我国银行业的资本缓冲整体上不具有周期性.但是,不同类型银行的资本缓冲却表现出差异化的周期性特征,特别是大型银行的资本缓冲具有逆周期性,其通过对信贷供给过度波动的约束作用,能在一定程度上缓解经济的周期性波动.本文的这些结论可为监管部门的资本监管改革提供经验支持,同时为逆周期资本缓冲工具的使用提供一定的决策依据.     

银行资本缓冲和经济周期——对中国银行业的实证分析

2010年巴塞尔协议Ⅲ出台,要求监管当局参照制定逆周期资本缓冲政策框架,同时要求银行计提逆周期资本缓冲,文章使用2001年至2011年中国商业银行数据,分析了资本缓冲与经济周期之间的关系和银行资本缓冲的决定因素,以及其在不同异质银行间的变化,结果表明我国商业银行的资本缓冲呈现出逆周期特征,同时也发现不同商业银行的资本缓冲调整行为存在异质性。     

监管政策能否抑制商业银行亲周期行为——基于中国上市银行面板数据的经验证据

当前,实施逆经济周期的宏观审慎监管已成为国际组织和各国监管当局的共识.通过对2001-2009年国内上市银行面板数据进行估计,本文发现我国商业银行具有稳定的资本缓冲计提顺周期行为,但信贷活动并不具有明显的亲周期性特征,表明监管部门的资本监管政策总体上已经渐进有效.为了更有效地提升中国金融体系的稳健性,进一步实施宏观审慎和微观审慎协调的金融监管制度,完善逆周期的资本监管机制,抑制金融机构亲周期行为应成为中国金融监管改革的必要内容.     

我国商业银行资本充足率顺周期效应实证分析

2013年,巴塞尔协议的最终公布,其中公布的逆周期资本缓冲区间,对我国商业银行的资本充足率的顺周期效应的效果如何？本文验证了我国164家银行2006年～2013年的资本充足率的顺周期效应.结果表明商业银行的资本充足率具有顺周期性.得出我国商业银行的资本充足率具有顺周期的效应.     

金融体系顺周期性文献综述

巴塞尔协议Ⅲ的出台标志着商业银行资本监管已经进入一个崭新的阶段,我国也颁布相应的政策,力图与国际资本监管新制度接轨。然而由于我国银行业制度的特殊性,很多细则难以实施,本文将对金融体系顺周期性方面的文献研究进行梳理和整合,体现逆周期资本监管制度建立的必要性,以为我国逆周期资本监管细则的实施奠定基础。     

银行融资稳定性降低了信贷顺周期性吗

本文构建理论模型分析了银行融资稳定性对信贷周期性的影响,发现提升融资稳定性可以降低信贷顺周期性。在此基础上,应用我国166家商业银行2004-2016年的年度非平衡面板数据进行实证检验,结果显示:(1)我国商业银行信贷周期性特征在不同时段存在差异,在2010年之前(后)呈现逆(顺)周期特征;(2)提升融资稳定性可以降低(增强)银行信贷的顺(逆)周期性。进一步研究发现:(3)我国商业银行融资成本具有逆周期性,提升融资稳定性可以降低银行融资成本的逆周期性;(4)对于资本充足率较低的银行而言,稳定融资对其信贷顺周期性的削弱效应更明显。本研究支持将"存款立行"作为微观审慎监管和宏观审慎监管的有效结合点,对于加强微观与宏观审慎监管制度的协调与配合具有一定的启示意义。     

我国商业银行资本监管探析

有效的银行资本监管对银行业乃至整个经济都具有至关重要的作用。资本监管不仅是银行宏观审慎监管的核心,更能促使商业银行牢固稳健思想,从而控制整个银行业系统的风险。当前我国银行资本监管不断革新,对系统重要性银行、中小型银行都提出了挑战,并且反映出逆周期缓冲资本利用不足、金融风险监管缺乏前瞻性等问题,因而提出优化资本管理方式、加快金融创新、引导差异化发展策略、个别流动性标准、及时修正监管政策等政策建议。     

资本约束对银行信贷扩张的影响:基于中国的实证分析(1998-2009)——兼论当前宏观调控的一种新工具

本文从商业银行信贷井喷与大量融资要求的现象出发,以信贷可得性和资本约束为视角,提出两个假说:资本充足率与信贷扩张正相关,资本充足率越高,信贷扩张越快;商业银行的资本充足率具有顺周期特征.基于1998-2009年我国银行业的数据,本文采用动态面板数据方法验证了两个假说,并提出三点政策主张:强化宏观审慎监管意识,建立逆周期的资本监管制度;将资本充足率纳入宏观调控工具体系;强化资本质量要求.     

高管政治关联会影响商业银行信贷投放的周期性特征吗——来自中国银行业的经验证据

本文基于我国38家商业银行2003-2012年的年度非平衡面板数据,实证检验了我国商业银行高管团队政治关联对其信贷投放行为周期性特征的影响,并考察了高管团队成员年龄与海外教育背景在不同经济周期中对政治关联下的银行信贷投放行为的作用.实证结果表明,样本期间,我国商业银行的信贷投放行为表现出明显的逆周期特征,高管团队政治关联程度的提高会强化银行信贷投放的逆周期性,但这种效应会随着高管团队成员年龄的提高而弱化.同时,在当前历史阶段,高管团队中具有海外教育背景成员人数的增加或占比的上升不会对政治关联下的商业银行信贷投放周期性特征产生影响.     

股权结构与商业银行信贷周期性——以中国12家上市商业银行为例

本文基于12家上市商业银行年报,分别从贷款量和贷款利率的角度检验了股权结构对上市银行信贷周期性的影响。经验证据表明,中国上市商业银行的信贷总量增速和中长期贷款占比变化呈现出显著的逆周期特征,贷款利率则表现出较为显著的顺周期特征;股权结构从总体上对上市商业银行信贷量增速和中长期贷款占比周期性的影响并不显著,但从方向上大股东或者国有股权份额的上升会增强上市银行信贷量的逆周期性,外资股权份额的上升则会减弱上市银行信贷的逆周期性,大股东持股比例的上升会倾向弱化贷款利率的周期性,其他股权结构对利率周期性的影响并不显著。     

Regulation,ownership and bank performance in the MENA region: Evidence for Islamic and conventional banks

This paper investigates the impact of regulation and ownership on the performance of banks in 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We test the hypothesis that the effect of regulation on bank profitability depends on the type of ownership structure. The public and private views of bank regulation are also tested along with the interaction of bank regulation and ownership. We find regulation measures to have a strong influence on bank profitability, whereas ownership structure seems to play a limited role in explaining bank performance in the MENA region. The results support the private view of bank regulation and suggest that capital requirements and private monitoring when interacted with ownership concentration exert a strong influence on bank profitability. When the analysis is done separately for conventional and Islamic banks, we find that the impact of bank regulations though strongly significant, does not depend on the type of ownership structure prevailing in conventional banks. In contrast, regulatory effects seem to be important drivers of profitability of Islamic banks. Therefore, it is very important for policy makers in these countries not to treat the two types of banks identically when setting up and implementing bank regulations especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Cyclicality of lending in Africa: The influence of bank ownership

Ownership structure of banks has dramatically changed over the past two decades in African countries with privatization and foreign bank entry, including the expansion of Pan-African banks. The objective of this paper is to investigate how bank ownership influences cyclicality of lending in Africa. We are then able to assess how changes in bank ownership influence the economy. To this end, we measure the sensitivity of bank loan growth to GDP per capita growth of the host country with dynamic GMM estimations. We use panel data from 190 commercial banks covering 20 African countries spanning the period from 2002 to 2015. We find that lending of African banks is procyclical for all types of banks. However, we observe that Pan-African banks are the least procyclical banks, while no significant difference in procyclicality is observed between state-owned banks, domestic private banks, and other foreign banks. In addition, we find evidence that foreign banks are influenced by GDP per capita growth of their home country. Therefore, our findings support the view that the expansion of Pan-African banks contributes to reduce cyclicality of lending. However, foreign bank entry can enhance the transmission of external shocks.     

基于COPULA-EVT的利率衍生品风险管理

监管层提出对＂系统重要性银行＂和＂非系统重要性银行＂进行分类管理的思路,表明在强化宏观审慎监管过程中,微观个体宏观审慎经营行为仍然起着重要的作用。新巴塞尔协议对于银行信用风险的监控和计量有了更加严格的规定,然而对于涉及到衍生品的市场风险只是强调银行要根据自身的交易业务进行合理评估,这样便使得衍生品的市场风险成为了银行整体风险中最不稳定的因素。本文基于极值分布、Copula连接函数和蒙特卡洛模拟理论,获得商业银行包括利率期货、利率期权、利率互换在内的单个利率衍生品的风险度量指标,如VaR,CVaR,EVA,RAROC,EC,并得到衍生品组合的风险度量指标,这些指标可以帮助商业银行更加清晰地了解自身的潜在风险。同时,商业银行在给定风险容忍度VaR下能得到各种衍生产品的最优配置,从而为银行的投资决策提供参考。     

资本约束对不同类型商业银行流动性创造能力的非对称影响研究

在过去的20年间,巴塞尔协议下资本监管框架越来越繁杂,但其仍难以满足不同禀赋的商业银行。本文试图从商业银行重要的基本功能流动性创造的角度,验证资本充足率的统一监管对商业银行带来的非对称影响。研究表明,从2005年至2008年,样本商业银行创造了大量的流动性。资本的提高会显著促进股份制商业银行提高对风险的吸收能力,提高其流动性创造能力,但是会压缩区域性商业银行的流动性创造能力以及中小企业贷款,非对称效应显著。     

The Effectiveness of Regulatory Capital Requirements Prior to the Onset of the Financial Crisis

We extend the literature on the role of capital requirements as a regulatory tool by developing a continuous measure of the degree of regulatory pressure and by examining data on US commercial banks during the economic upturn that preceded the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Our findings indicate the inability of regulatory pressure to force banks to build capital buffers during the economic upturn that preceded the crisis. These findings are consistent with the view that banks entered the crisis with inadequate levels of capital. Our findings support the endeavors of regulators in explicitly demanding capital buffers in their new regulatory framework.     

On the Behavior and Determinants of Risk‐Based Capital Ratios: Revisiting the Evidence from UK Banking Institutions*

Using bank‐level panel data from the United Kingdom, this paper investigates the factors that influence banks' choice of risk‐based capital ratios. The study focuses on evaluating the role of regulatory capital requirements. Findings indicate that such requirements, even when not binding, affect banks' capital management practices and suggest that banks maintain targeted buffers above regulatory thresholds. That behavior differs across several dimensions, including bank size, nearness to regulatory minimum, reliance on core (equity) capital and exposure to market discipline. Capital ratios also vary over the economic cycle. These findings have implications for the ongoing review of international capital standards.     

逆周期资本账户管制对宏观经济稳定与社会福利改善的作用

资本管制能否有效抵御外部冲击实现宏观经济稳定存在争论,本文通过构造开放经济的DSGE模型研究投资限制和逆周期金融交易税等资本管制工具对于实现宏观经济稳定和改善社会福利的作用。通过比较不同政策安排下主要宏观经济变量的波动性和脉冲响应函数可以发现,采用逆周期金融交易税作为资本管制工具在抵御外部冲击、维持宏观经济稳定方面具有比较优势。设置投资限制的资本管制促进了货币政策的独立性,可以使货币政策专注管理国内的经济增长和通货膨胀问题。通过不同政策安排下的福利分析可知,增加投资国外资产的限制对社会福利的增进起到负面作用,增加逆周期金融交易税的资本管制却可以减轻由投资限制导致的资源配置扭曲,从而放松投资国外资产的限制从根本上提高社会福利。所以,在资本管制工具的选择上,采取逆周期金融交易税可能比采用投资限制更优。随着资本账户开放的基本条件不断成熟,用金融交易税取代投资限制更符合浮动汇率制和自由兑换的资本账户的需求。     

Ownership Reform,Foreign Competition and Efficiency of Chinese Commercial Banks: A Non‐parametric Approach

Since China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, the pressure for bank reforms has mounted as China ought to have fully opened up its financial market to foreign competition by 2006. Efficiency is key for domestic banks to survive in a liberalised environment, but it appears that the last hope for raising bank efficiency is through ownership reform. Whether ownership reform and foreign competition can solve China's banking problem remains to be tested. This paper aims to answer this question using a non‐parametric approach to analyse the efficiency changes of 15 large commercial banks during 1998–2005. We find that ownership reform and foreign competition have forced Chinese commercial banks to improve performance, as their total factor productivity rose by 5.6 per cent per annum. This coincides with the recent bullish Chinese stock markets led by three listed state‐owned commercial banks. Despite such encouraging results, we remain cautious about the future of Chinese banks, as the good results may have been artificially created with massive government support and the fundamentals of the banks may be still weak.     

经济资本在我国商业银行绩效评估中的应用

以资本为基础的现代商业银行绩效评估体系,有效地促进了商业银行经营理念和增长方式的转变.目前,中国商业银行基于监管资本的绩效评估,能够很好地达到监管要求,但风险衡量的敏感度差,不利于银行价值的实现.如果将经济资本引入银行绩效评估,可以使银行对风险的把握更加精准.同时,将RAROC作为银行绩效评价指标,会使银行资本和资产运用更充分,从而真正实现银行价值最大化.     

The influence of bank ownership on credit supply: Evidence from the recent financial crisis

This study examines how bank ownership influenced the credit supply during the recent financial crisis in Russia, where the banking sector consists of a mix of state-controlled banks, foreign-owned banks, and domestic private banks. To estimate credit supply changes, we apply an original approach based on stochastic frontier analysis. We use quarterly data for Russian banks covering the period from the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009. Our findings suggest that bank ownership affected credit supply during the financial crisis and that the crisis led to an overall decrease in the credit supply. Relative to domestic private banks foreign-owned banks reduced their credit supply more and state-controlled banks less. This supports the hypothesis that foreign banks have a “lack of loyalty” to domestic actors during a crisis, as well as the view that an objective function of state-controlled banks leads them to support the economy during economic downturns.