对我国当前城镇失业问题的几点深入思考

对我国当前城镇失业问题的几点深入思考●赵建国一、对当前我国城镇实际失业情况的再认识及失业指标的修正失业是指有劳动能力的人而未从事工作的情况。［１］但长期以来，由于受意识形态因素的影响，我国一直不提失业，而用待业、下岗、放假等术语来代替失业。衡量失业的...     

入世后城镇失业人员再就业问题探讨

入世对我国某些具有竞争优势的行业带来了一定的发展机遇,同时在某种程度上也会造成一定范围内就业岗位的减少和结构性失业的增加。入世后我国城镇中固有的就业矛盾将进一步加深,近几年我国每年劳动力的净增加量也相当惊人,城镇失业人员再就业问题将面临严峻的挑战。本文在分析我国城镇失业人员形成的基本因素基础上,着重探讨了入世后我国城镇失业人员再就业的基本途径。     

我国三次产业间的结构性失业研究

失业问题已经成为我国的社会、经济问题之一。一般认为,我国当前的失业既有经济不景气所造成的周期性失业,也有产业、行业结构调整所导致的结构性失业。目前,更多的研究把注意力放在如何刺激经济增长以提高就业的总水平上,对我国作为一个转型国家所出现的结构性失业讨...     

影响我国劳动力就业状况的诸因素分析

我国失业人口激增、就业压力越来越大，对大量的失业现象做出科学的解释，是处理就业问题的关键。本文通过对经济增长、产业结构调整、教育活动、劳动力流动等几个影响就业的因素加以分析研究，以期对影响我国劳动力就业状况有一个客观全面的了解。     

基于抽样调查失业指标的失业比重与产业发展关系研究

由于我国公布的城镇登记失业率难以真实地反映失业状况,本文选取了与失业率相关的抽样调查指标"城镇失业人员失业前的行业构成百分比",通过联系宏观经济数据分析,得出了第一产业快速发展能有效抑制第一产业失业比重增长,第二产业快速发展对控制第二产业失业比重上升有一定正面影响,应重点保证第一、第二产业快速发展的结论。     

论如何提高劳动者,企业和政府的失业承受力

在新旧体制转轨过程中,我国的失业问题已从原来的隐蔽形式转化为公开的现象,对失业承受力的研究也日益成为社会经济中非常重要的方面。失业承受力有微观、宏观之分。一般来说,影响社会失业承受力的因素有三个:一是经济保障力,由家庭经济保障和社会失业保障构成。失业者的经济保障力越强,失业造成的个人生活影响越小,失业承受力就越大,反之,承受力就越小;二是失业损失程度,由失业损失评价和     

我国失业的八大类型

我国在经济体制转轨和经济增长方式转型过程中主要存在八大类型的失业。摩擦性失业一些人失业是由于他们正处于一个工作转换到另一个工作的过渡之中，这种失业被称为摩擦性失业。我国目前的摩擦性失业原因有二：一是在现代的快节奏的动态社会里，消费者的偏好会随时间的推...     

等待性失业及其制度基础与制度变革：关于下岗职工再就业问题的思考

在我国当前的下岗职工当中存在着明显的等待性失业现象。这种失业与常规的失业类型不同，它是一种因非市场因素而导致的特殊失业类型。我国当前的这种等待性失业是由于旧的就业制度以及当前的收入分配政策、社会保障制度及下岗补贴发放制度综合作用的结果。因此，我们必须在加快劳动力市场建设、改革收入分配体制和深化社会保障制度改革等几个方面进行综合性的制度改革，才有可能将再就业工程推进一步     

中外失业类型综论

失业是我国今后长期面临的一个重要的社会经济问题。从现有的失业类型研究来看，大都是从失业的成因上来分类的，还没有从多方面全面综合出一个失业类型体系来。根据国内外的有关文献，从失业的表现形式，失业的成因，失业的程度，失业的意愿，劳动力市场的非均质性、失业者的序次六个方面总结出失业的诸多类型，以便对失业类型有一个全面的认识。     

西方失业理论及其借鉴意义

西方失业理论及其借鉴意义张烈军失业已成为我国社会经济发展过程中一个不容回避的严重问题。为正确认识和合理解决社会主义市场经济体制下的失业问题，我们有必要对西方失业理论进行学习和研究，以吸取养分。西方失业理论纷繁复杂、层出不穷，概括近几十年有关失业的论述...     

“政府-社会合作型”失业保障体系探究

中国现行失业保障面临重重困境,迫切要求探索失业保障的制度创新。针对实践中出现的新型失业保障模式,对政府—社会合作型失业保障体系的构建进行初步探讨,对于建立以政府主导的失业保险为基础,非营利组织失业救助为补充,政府、企业和非营利组织合作促进再就业,以社区作为政府—社会合作的结合部的失业保障体系具有一定的现实意义。     

中国总量性非自愿失业模型生成机制研究——基于凯恩斯就业理论的视角

中国失业问题主要不是结构问题，而是总量问题。运用凯恩斯就业理论中的周期性总量性失业模型。对长期总量性非自愿失业的生成机制的研究发现，应从控制人口增长、降低劳动参与率、缩短劳动时间及实行灵活的就业制度等方面扩张潜在就业规模，从而有效治理失业问题。促进社会的和谐发展。     

金融危机背景下我国失业保险制度的功能缺失与制度优化

近年来,我国的就业形势不容乐观,金融危机背景下更凸显出失业保险制度保障功能的缺失。通过制度升级与优化,使失业保险制度的功能从被动事后保障转向主动提前介入,使其定位从“保生活”扩大到稳定就业、促进再就业和预防失业。应成为失业保险制度的改革与发展方向。     

Episodes of unemployment reduction in rich,middle-income and transition economies

This paper studies the incidence and determinants of episodes of drastic unemployment reduction, defined as swift, substantial, and sustained declines in unemployment. We identify 43 episodes over a period of nearly 3 decades in 94 rich, middle-income and transition countries. Unemployment reductions often coincide with an acceleration of growth and an improvement in macroeconomic conditions. Episodes are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and, given unemployment, are more likely in countries with better regulation. An efficient legal system that enforces contracts expeditiously is particularly important for reducing unemployment. The results imply that while employment is largely related to the business cycle, better regulation reduces likelihood of high unemployment and facilitates a more rapid recovery in the event unemployment builds up.     

A general equilibrium analysis in the Phillips space

The relationship between inflation and unemployment is analyzed within a general equilibrium framework in which the equilibrium rates of inflation and unemployment are solved simultaneously. The locus of points in the Phillips (inflation-unemployment) space depends on the dynamic adjustment mechanism postulated and the value of the behavioral parameters of the model. Changes in fiscal and monetary policy may lead to clockwise or counter-clockwise loops or spirals and to movement of the system in any direction in the Phillips space. The traditional inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment represents only one of a number of possibilities.     

A panel study of labour supply and taxes in Denmark

The labour supply of Danish married couples is estimated on a longitudinal sample of about 3000 Danish couples observed over the period 1980–86. The influence of the progressive tax system and the effect of the unemployment insurance system are evaluated. The definition of unemployment in labour-supply functions is discussed, and two separate models are estimated where unemployment is considered either completely voluntary or completely involuntary. The wage elasticity and the supply effects of tax reduction are estimated to be positive, but numerically small for both men and women.     

Unemployment durations of job losers in a labour market in transition

Slovakia is one of the Central European countries in transformation from a centralized command system to a decentralized market economy. This paper studies the labour market position of Slovak job losers. Using data from labour force surveys we analyse exit rates out of unemployment. We find that male, young, higher educated job losers in districts with low unemployment rates have substantially shorter unemployment durations than their counterparts. There is evidence that for some job losers it is very hard to find a new job.     

Hysteresis versus natural rate in Taiwan's unemployment: Evidence from the educational attainment categories

This study examines the hysteresis hypothesis in unemployment for Taiwan's educational attainment categories. Both nonlinear dynamics and structural breaks in unemployment are applied in our examinations. The empirical results without structural changes show that the unemployment hysteresis hypothesis cannot be rejected in all educational attainment categories. After simultaneously incorporating nonlinear processes and smooth structural changes, we find that only the unemployment rate of junior college graduates reveals a mean reverting to the natural rate in the long-run, whereas all other series still support the hysteresis hypothesis. The results indicate that: i) the shocks have only temporary effects on the unemployment rate of the junior college graduates; ii) the labor or macroeconomic stabilization policies could have long lasting effects on unemployment rates of the other educational attainment categories; iii) the unemployment rates of low-skill labor are susceptible to the changes of economic or fiscal policies; and iv) practical and occupational training mechanisms should be implemented and strengthened in the higher education system to alleviate the increasingly serious problem of unemployment.     

中国失业社会保险制度改革探讨

当前,我国的失业社会保险制度出现了统筹层次低、覆盖面较窄、促进再就业的功能弱化等问题,需要通过适时提高统筹层次、扩大企业社会保险的覆盖面和完善失业社会保险促进再就业等措施进一步改革完善。     

Graduate employment: Does the type of higher education institution matter?

The paper analyses whether the type of institution from which students graduate has an impact on their unemployment propensity. It uses official data on the Portuguese higher education system, for 2018, at the program/institution level, which provides information on graduate unemployment, as well as demographic and socioeconomic background information. A fractional probit model on graduates’ propensity for unemployment is estimated. Results suggest that polytechnic graduates face higher unemployment propensity than university graduates, maintaining inequalities present in students’ previous trajectories. Policies targeting socioeconomic segregation need to address not only access to higher education but also the transition to the labor market.