女性就业与先进性别文化建设

性别文化作为人类文化的重要组成部分,对女性的就业、发展具有至关重要的作用。社会转型期,面对激烈的竞争,女性的就业存在不平等现象。其中,传统性别文化导致的性别歧视,是女性就业难背后深藏的重要文化因素。解决女性就业难,必须大力加强以性别平等为核心的先进性别文化建设,从思想转变、政府主导、制度保障、法律构建、男女参与等方面为实现女性平等就业提供有力保证。     

性别形成的城市收入不平等分析

市居民内部的收入差距中,性别因素的影响至关重要.性别因素的影响反应在职业结构,就业歧视,生理因素等方面.针对就业市场上的性别歧视制定相应的政策有利于减少性别对收入不平等的影响.     

性别形成的城市收入不平等分析

市居民内部的收入差距中，性别因素的影响至关重要。性别因素的影响反应在职业结构，就业歧视，生理因素等方面。针对就业市场上的性别歧视制定相应的政策有利于减少性别对收入不平等的影响。     

我国劳动力市场性别歧视现状及原因分析

性别歧视是劳动力市场上普遍存在的现象。这在我国尤为明显。我们对我国就业歧视现状进行分析,在此基础上从劳动力供需、企业利润、传统文化三方面对我国就业性别歧视产生的原因进行深人研究,并有针对性地给出对策建议,希望为我国性别歧视问题的解决提供理论参考。一、我国劳动力市场性别歧视的现状通俗地讲,性别歧视是指个体仅仅因为性别不同而受到区别对待,使得个体利益受损。如果具有相同生产率特征的男     

论公司劳动用工制度——以中国就业性别歧视为视角

就业性别歧视，成为女性实现劳动权利、政治权利以及其他平等权利的障碍，现实中就业性别歧视存在，侵害了女性的劳动就业权。首先，分析现实中存在的就业性别歧视的残酷现象；其次，分析就业中存在的性别歧视的成因，试图找出十分全面的原因；最后，提出一些个人的看法，希望能为解决性别差异所引起的不公平待遇问题提供帮助，完善当前的立法与制度，做到贯彻落实男女平等原则的核心精神。     

就业性别歧视的经济分析及其政策含义

女性生产效率低于男性以及存在附着成本两个原因导致雇佣女性不符合雇主利润最大化目标.为了消除就业性别歧视,必须塑造先进的性别文化,提高女性人力资本存量,并采取必要措施将女性附着成本完全社会化.     

入世对我国女性就业的影响

一、入世对我国女性就业的影响(一)有利影响1、WTO规则对我国劳动力市场体制的完善有推动作用,从而有利于女性就业入世有利于建立公平、规范的劳务市场,减少无序的市场和非市场化行为所造成的对女性就业的歧视,为女性创造公平的就业环境。随着公平竞争观念逐步形成,劳动法律、政策以及用人机制必须改革,这将使女性的就业领域不断扩大,女性有机会充分显示自己的才干,自主择业,向高层次发展。2、加入WTO必然会促进我国经济的快速增长,从而在长期中对我国的总体就业水平包括女性就业带来积极的影响(1)入世后,我国将享受多边的、永久的最惠国…     

中国加入世界贸易组织对女性就业的影响

文章认为,我国加入世界贸易组织之后,一方面由于就业弹性的下降趋势仍将持续、女性劳动力增长相对快于男性、对女性的就业歧视等,将加剧女性就业的困难;另一方面加入世贸组织又会带来就业观念的进一步改变、就业机会的增多、就业市场的进一步规范等,又会给女性的就业带来机遇。目前需要解决的问题是加强研究入世对女性就业的影响、树立正确的性别观念和就业观念、抓住发展机遇、建立特殊基金给予特殊的援助。     

内蒙古就业中的性别歧视现状分析

一、内蒙古女性就业中的性别歧视现状分析 1.女性就业难、再就业难.当前女性就业难成为内蒙古就业工作中的一个突出问题,不仅低文化素质的女性就业难,女大学生、女研究生就业也难.在人才招聘市场上,好多用人单位带有明显的性别歧视,2006年春季高校毕业生招聘会上,有30%的单位明确提出不要女生.     

内蒙古就业中的性别岐视现状分析

一、内蒙古女性就业中的性别歧视现状分析 1．女性就业难、再就业难。当前女性就业难成为内蒙古就业工作中的一个突出问题，不仅低文化素质的女性就业难，女大学生、女研究生就业也难。在人才招聘市场上，好多用人单位带有明显的性别歧视，2006年春季高校毕业生招聘会上，有30％的单位明确提出不要女生。     

The Employment Effects of Gender Discrimination in Australia 1994–95

Interpreting the unexplained component of the gender wage gap as indicative of discrimination, the empirical literature to date has tended to ignore the potential impact wage discrimination may have on employment. Clearly, employment effects will arise if discrimination lowers the female offered wage and the labour supply curve is upward sloping. The empirical analysis employs the ABS Income Distribution Survey 1994–95 and finds evidence of both wage and associated employment effects. The analysis is replicated for the earlier period 1989–90. A comparison across time is of interest given the substantial deregulation of the Australian labour market over the period.     

农民工就业权益保障的缺失及构筑

从农民工的就业权益出发,阐述了我国农民工的就业现状及问题,同时从地方性政策歧视、农民工本身文化素质较低、企业隐性的不安全成本以及特定区域内其主流文化的排他性方面分析了制约农民工就业的主要原因,认为要从确立公平的制度保障、提供有效的培训保障和建立多元化的社会服务保障等方面来构筑农民工的就业权益保障体系。     

Gender Wage Gap: Some Recent Evidences from India

Gender wage inequality is a chronic socioeconomic malice in developed as well as in developing countries. This paper describes the outcomes of our study on the estimation of gender wage gap in the Indian labour market, using the 68th Round NSSO employment–unemployment data. The study uses Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique and Heckman two-step methodology, for removal of selectivity bias in the sample data, to measure the components of total gender wage gap, viz. (1) occupational segregation (explained by economic rationale) and (2) direct discrimination (not explained by economic rationale). The analysis indicates that the maximum direct discrimination is for job-related factors, such as industry type which are controlled by employers. The majority of the Indian employers today are men, which may be the reason for the insensitivity to the chronic direct discrimination against women in workplaces. The study also indicates that most of the explained gender wage gap is due to lower skill and experience amongst women. The findings suggest that besides labour law reforms for ensuring gender neutrality in workplaces, focused government policies for promoting women entrepreneurship and skill development of women are urgently required for reducing the gender wage gap in India.

     

Does affirmative action reduce gender discrimination and enhance efficiency? New experimental evidence

We investigate experimentally the impact of quota policies on gender discrimination in hiring decisions by testing whether affirmative action increases female employment. We also ask whether firm performance is affected by such policies. Our experiment consists of three treatments. In the baseline (no quota) treatment, groups of two employers and six potential job candidates are formed. Employers have to hire two workers based on information on candidate characteristics including gender and years and subject of study. The second, low penalty, treatment is identical to the baseline except there is a quota such that at least half of the employees hired must be women. If this quota is not respected, the firm has to pay a penalty. The last, high penalty, treatment is the same as the low penalty treatment except that the penalty is significantly higher. We find that women are ranked unfavorably in the absence of a quota, and the introduction of a quota significantly reduces gender discrimination. Firm performance is not affected by the introduction of quotas.     

Workforce gender effects on firm performance and workers’ pay: evidence for the UK

Using linked workplace–worker data for the UK, a number of hypotheses are tested related to individual gender and the gender composition of the workforce. The proportion of female workers per establishment is strongly negatively associated with median workplace pay. There is some evidence that workplace performance (but not employment size or growth) is positively associated with the female–male workforce ratio. For workers, the female wage penalty (which is substantial) is strongly influenced by the female–male workforce ratio. In addition, commensurate with gender discrimination, those who manage female workers receive lower wages but professional workers in the same establishments do not.     

Pay discrimination and imperfect competition in the labor market

Recent work has shown the prevalence of monopsony power in labor markets characterized by low pay. Monopsony has long been offered as a potential explanation of labor market discrimination. Yet, in the case of gender discrimination, most studies suggest that female labor supply is more elastic than that of males which, in a standard monopsony model, would imply higher pay for females. In the current paper we develop a theoretical framework capable of reconciling these empirical phenomena. We also attempt to explain: (i) the puzzle regarding the apparent trade-off between profits and discrimination in the standard neoclassical treatment of discrimination associated with the work of Becker (1957) and Arrow (1973) and (ii) the apparently paradoxical increase in female relative employment at a time of a significant rise in the relative price of female labor.     

Of Chicken Entrails,Anthropology, and a Realistic Social Science

Barbara Bergmann has advocated direct observation of market behavior by economists. There is a history of such activity in the area of labor market but that experimental work has mainly been conducted by noneconomists. We have followed the lead of these researchers and conducted audits of employment hiring behavior, testing for discrimination on the basis of gender and sex. The technique involves sending matched pairs of job applications. Discrimination was found against female, Greek, and Vietnamese applicants. The paper recommends improvements in experimental design for future audits.     

Can labor provisions in trade agreements promote gender equality? Empirical evidence from Cambodia

In recent years, an increasing number of regional and bilateral trade agreements have emerged that include provisions on labor standards. The claimed purpose of these labor provisions is to improve working conditions in developing and emerging economies. However, little is known about whether such provisions actually do impact working conditions. This paper conducts an econometric study on the effectiveness of labor provisions in trade agreements. In particular, we evaluate the impact of the 1999 Bilateral Textile Agreement between Cambodia and the United States (CUSBTA) on both the gender wage gap and discrimination. The agreement combined the incentive of higher exports with the obligation of textile manufacturers to comply with international core labor standards, which include the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Using data from the Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey and applying a difference‐in‐difference estimation, we find a statistically significant reduction of the gender wage gap in the textile sector that can be attributed to the CUSBTA.     

Self-assessed vs. statistical evidence of racial discrimination: the case of indigenous Australians

This paper provides new insights on the labour market discrimination faced by indigenous Australians one of the most disadvantaged indigenous populations in developed countries. Combining two large, nationally representative datasets, we decompose the employment gap between indigenous and non-indigenous populations as of 2014–2015, and show that differences in characteristics between the two groups account for only 43% of the employment gap for females, and 23% of the gap for males. We then demonstrate that statistical measures are positively related to discrimination reports of females and negatively related to discrimination reports of males. Our findings underscore the importance of improving transparency in employment processes for addressing the issue of disadvantage of racial minorities.     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )