审计质量、组织学习与创新绩效

高质量的审计信息,有利于研发团队调整创新产品生产计划、市场战略与研发策略,有效激发组织学习意愿并明确学习目标,获取更多异质性知识,进而促进创新绩效提升。首先构建概念模型,研究企业如何通过内外部审计知识积累与传播直接影响创新绩效,以及如何通过加强组织学习间接影响创新绩效;然后,使用非上市高新技术企业数据,采用bootstrap方法与逐步OLS回归方法,验证内外部审计质量对创新绩效的直接与间接正向作用,以及内部审计质量与外部审计质量对提升创新绩效的互补效应,为促进高新技术企业创新发展以及提升内外部审计质量提供了新的依据。     

Life Science Innovation and the Restructuring of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Merger, Acquisition and Strategic Alliance Behaviour of Large Firms

This article explores the transformative nature of the life sciences in the context of pharmaceutical mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances. Drawing on interviews with senior scientists and managers from large pharmaceutical firms, and secondary data on general industry trends, it identifies diverse company strategies for capturing and exploiting new technologies/knowledge and explores their implications for innovation. The article suggests that mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances represent a cluster of related activities that provide various strategic options for managing innovation and productivity deficit. However, because the preferred balance between in-house R&D and externally sourced knowledge depends on a number of firm-specific factors, as well as challenges posed by the external operating environment, there is increasing variation between large companies in how these activities are exploited and strategically managed.     

跨层级组织知识转化与企业绩效关系研究

组织知识必须依附于一定主体才能实现转化，环境一旦成熟，知识和资本就可以进行良好的结合，个人、团队和组织知识则分别转化为人力、团队和组织资本，从而提升企业价值。基于相关理论模型和研究假设，选取武汉各高校 MBA作为调查对象，通过问卷调查，基于高新技术、传统制造和服务业相关数据，对各主体层次知识转化、知识资本和企业绩效三者之间的关系进行了结构方程求解和验证。结果显示，各主体层次知识资本对相应层次知识转化与企业绩效的关系具有完全中介效应；服务产业人力、团队和组织资本对各主体层次知识转化与企业绩效的关系也具有完全中介效应，而高新技术和传统制造产业则无中介效应。     

Policy, Markets and Knowledge: Strategic Synergies in Indian Pharmaceutical Firms

This paper addresses the question of how Indian pharmaceutical firms have transformed themselves from reverse-engineering firms focused on the domestic market to research-driven firms with global presence. It analyses the crucial and changing role of national, then international, innovation and regulatory policies and their impact on growth, performance and technology evolution of Indian pharmaceutical firms. The paper argues that although public policy increased market turbulence, it also provided new opportunities for firms to expand and build new technology, knowledge and market capabilities. From the 1950s Indian firms have pursued a variety of research, marketing and internationalization strategies to tackle changes prompted by policy, markets and knowledge complexities. The paper traces firm strategies that vary both in time and by firm, and argues that the successful firms have evolved substantively towards knowledge-based strategies. The paper then attempts to identify future directions for strategy, knowledge and markets.     

外部研发合作广度与新产品开发绩效：一个有调节的中介模型

基于企业外部合作伙伴分布广泛的特点,从外部研发合作广度的两个维度（市场广度和研究广度）出发,选取2010—2018年160家中国制造业上市企业数据,运用多元回归分析法探讨外部研发合作广度对企业新产品开发绩效的影响。结果表明,外部研发合作的市场广度和研究广度正向影响新产品开发绩效,其中,研究广度的作用更为显著;网络学习在外部研发合作广度对新产品开发绩效的影响机制中存在部分中介作用;知识库同质性正向调节外部研发合作广度与网络学习的关系。结论丰富了新产品开发绩效前因变量研究,对企业制定外部研发合作战略,提升新产品开发绩效具有重要管理启示。     

组织惯例更新触发因素与影响效应——基于先动型市场导向和可持续竞争优势视角

组织惯例更新是企业进行组织优化和迭代以适应外部动态环境的重要途径，基于组织学习理论和动态能力理论，构建先动型市场导向—组织学习—组织惯例更新—动态能力—可持续竞争优势研究框架，探讨组织惯例更新触发因素与影响效应。通过对191家科技型企业进行问卷调研发现：①先动型市场导向显著正向影响组织惯例更新，组织学习在先动型市场导向与组织惯例更新之间起部分中介作用；②组织惯例更新显著正向影响企业可持续竞争优势，动态能力在组织惯例更新与可持续竞争优势之间发挥完全中介作用。研究结论有助于厘清组织惯例更新触发因素、丰富组织惯例更新结果研究，并对企业建立可持续竞争优势具有一定指导意义。     

Towards a kernel theory of external knowledge integration for high-tech firms: Exploring a failed theory test

Designing information systems (ISs) requires a thorough understanding of the organizational knowledge processes in which these systems are used. Although much is known about internal organizational knowledge processes, the understanding of external knowledge processes is less developed. Hence, this paper reflects an attempt to operationalize and test a model of the process of external knowledge integration (EKI), consisting of an identification, acquisition, and utilization stage. We utilize high-technology based firms from a variety of high-tech categories including nanotechnology based firms since these firms have critical knowledge integration needs. The results of an international survey, with responses of 317 high-tech companies, suggest that not these three EKI-stages, but four organizational effectiveness functions (goal attainment, pattern maintenance, adaptation, and integration) account for most variation in responses. These findings seem to imply that ISs that are to support the EKI-process should be designed according to organizational effectiveness functions rather than to EKI-stages. It is proposed that each organizational effectiveness function imposes different requirements on ISs because users interact differently with IS in each function.     

惯例复制和环境宽容性中介调节下的人力资本与知识转移

基于知识基础观理论，实证检验了环境容忍度影响下，专才和通才两种角色特性、惯例复制与知识转移之间的内在联系。对246家知识密集型企业样本数据进行分析，结果表明：专才型人力资本与通才型人力资本均对知识转移绩效具有显著正向影响，并且惯例复制在这一过程中发挥部分中介作用；环境宽容性负向调节惯例复制在专才型人力资本与知识转移之间的中介作用，存在被调节的中介效应；环境宽容性负向调节惯例复制在通才型人力资本与知识转移之间的中介作用，存在被调节的中介效应。     

企业外部知识搜寻多维结构与创新质量关系研究

以63家美国医药上市企业和173家中国医药上市企业发明专利为样本，研究企业多维知识搜寻结构与创新质量的关系。结果表明：①不同搜寻结构对企业创新质量的影响存在差异性，尤其是同时沿着多个维度进行远距离知识搜寻能够显著提高企业创新质量；②各维度远距离搜寻对创新质量的影响不同，在中美医药企业之间也存在一定差异；③对美国医药企业而言，知识搜寻的3个维度对创新质量的影响程度依次为认知维度>时间维度>地理维度，而中国医药企业则是认知维度>地理维度>时间维度。     

筑好巢搭好桥：产学研合作知识耦合、信任与组织双元学习关系研究

组织双元学习是企业获取持续竞争优势的根本途径，企业与学研机构能力不匹配而产生的结构化困境是困扰企业组织学习的核心议题。基于产学研合作知识耦合视角，探讨产学研合作知识耦合对组织双元学习的作用机制以及信任对产学研合作知识耦合与组织双元学习关系的中介作用。基于226份产学研合作配对数据构建理论模型，利用层次回归法进行实证检验。结果发现，产学研合作知识耦合对探索式学习和利用式学习具有显著正向影响；产学研合作知识耦合对认知信任有显著促进作用，但对情感信任的促进作用不显著；同时，信任类型与组织双元学习方式匹配相对应，情感信任对探索式学习具有显著影响，认知信任对利用式学习具有显著影响；仅认知信任在产学研合作知识耦合与组织学习关系中发挥部分中介作用。     

知识网络与集群企业竞争优势研究——基于组织学习视角

集群企业如何在网络中获得竞争优势是学者们的一个研究焦点,基于知识观从网络视角解析集群企业竞争优势的源泉。首先对集群企业网络研究视角进行分析,进而提出了知识网络、组织学习及集群企业竞争优势获取的机理与模型;并通过案例分析,指出集群企业获取竞争优势的关键是通过集群知识网络不断获取知识资源并提高自身的组织学习能力。     

The governance of agro- and pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation: Public policy and industrial strategy

Multinational companies in the life science sector are heavily influenced by government policies and regulations and in turn attempt to influence these actors nationally and internationally. This paper focuses on recent and on-going research, principally on the agro-biotechnology and, to a lesser extent, on the pharmaceutical industries, covering the evolution of policy and regulation in Europe, how policies are influenced by stakeholder pressures and how policy in turn influences company strategies for product development. We focus particularly on new ‘governance’ agendas in Europe and consider the relative impacts of enabling, constraining, discriminating and indiscriminate policies on company strategies as part of our development of an integrated approach to policy and governance. We also consider changes in external operating environments for multinational companies and compare past histories and present pressures on agro-biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The paper argues, with evidence, that a more enabling and discriminating policy and regulatory environment can achieve public goals more efficiently and effectively, taking account of impacts on innovation, than more blunt policy instruments. This type of environment takes into account the resources and capabilities available to firms and research laboratories rather than relying on broad brush carrot and stick approaches.     

From Imitation to Innovation: The Evolution of R&D Capabilities and Learning Processes in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Since the mid 1990s the Indian pharmaceutical industry has emerged as a leading supplier of generic drugs to both developing and developed countries.The movement of the Indian pharmaceutical industry along the R&D value chain represents a remarkable shift from an importer to an innovator of drugs. The Indian government's industrial and technology policies along with changes in regulation of intellectual property rights played a crucial role in shaping this development of R&D capability. Using the 'capability creation model' this paper discusses the learning processes and stages involved in this dramatic accumulation of technological capability. This analysis shows that the Indian pharmaceutical industry has followed a trajectory from duplicative imitation to creative imitation to move up the value chain of pharmaceutical R&D. Finally as a result of changes in patent law the industry is learning to develop capabilities in innovative R&D. The basic and intermediate technological capabilities gained from imitative learning gave these firms a solid base for development of competence in advanced innovative R&D. These findings have implications for government policies as well as firm strategies in other developing countries albeit with some limitations due to global harmonisation of patent laws being promoted by the World Trade Organization.     

The governance of agro- and pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation: Public policy and industrial strategy

Multinational companies in the life science sector are heavily influenced by government policies and regulations and in turn attempt to influence these actors nationally and internationally. This paper focuses on recent and on-going research, principally on the agro-biotechnology and, to a lesser extent, on the pharmaceutical industries, covering the evolution of policy and regulation in Europe, how policies are influenced by stakeholder pressures and how policy in turn influences company strategies for product development. We focus particularly on new 'governance' agendas in Europe and consider the relative impacts of enabling, constraining, discriminating and indiscriminate policies on company strategies as part of our development of an integrated approach to policy and governance. We also consider changes in external operating environments for multinational companies and compare past histories and present pressures on agro-biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. The paper argues, with evidence, that a more enabling and discriminating policy and regulatory environment can achieve public goals more efficiently and effectively, taking account of impacts on innovation, than more blunt policy instruments. This type of environment takes into account the resources and capabilities available to firms and research laboratories rather than relying on broad brush carrot and stick approaches.     

国内知识协同研究综述

知识经济时代下知识管理成为研究和实践探索的热点.面对各类组织内外部海量、异构的知识资源,知识的协同将更加具有难度和挑战.不管是将其定义为知识协同是知识管理发展的第三阶段和在知识管理基础上的超越,还是认为知识管理的本质就是知识协同,知识协同或者协同知识都将是绕不开的研究课题,成为知识管理的核心.为了加深对知识协同的理解和便于对其进行深入研究,本文在对国内知识协同相关研究作出比较全面分析的基础上,重点从概念、方法和技术、包括组织内部和组织间应用三个角度对国内知识协同的研究进行了梳理,总结出信息管理和人与组织管理两条知识协同研究主线以及“传统型”与“知识型”两类组织应用类型,并作出评价.     

企业外部知识搜索能力影响因素研究

外部知识搜索能力成为影响企业开放式创新绩效的关键。通过对企业知识搜索能力影响因素文献的梳理,以整合的思维,从宏观环境层、中观情境层及微观主体层系统归纳了影响外部知识搜索能力的诸因素,分析了各层次因素间的交互效应,构建了企业外部知识搜索能力影响因素模型。     

元素—架构双元知识搜寻对企业创新绩效的影响：创新战略的调节作用

基于组织搜寻理论和战略协同理论,探讨元素—架构双元知识搜寻对企业创新绩效的影响,以及创新战略在二者关系间的调节作用。结果显示：元素知识搜寻对创新绩效具有倒U型影响,架构知识搜寻对创新绩效具有线性正向影响,双元知识搜寻平衡对创新绩效具有正向影响。知识搜寻策略与创新战略存在适配性：探索式创新正向调节元素知识搜寻与创新绩效间的关系,对架构知识搜寻与创新绩效关系的调节应用不显著;利用式创新正向调节架构知识搜寻与创新绩效间的关系,对元素知识搜寻与创新绩效关系的调节效应不显著。结论拓展了外部知识搜寻研究视角,可为企业合理选择知识搜寻策略和创新战略提供理论支持。     

跨国并购的技术创新机理研究——海尔集团并购FPA案例研究

跨国技术并购中的知识转移能够提升企业创新绩效,但作为并购方的中国企业在技术上并没有并购对象先进,这就导致并购企业不能有效地管理知识转移过程。为明确在跨国技术并购中知识转移促进技术创新的内在机制,并解释知识一致性、战略互补性、组织匹配性等因素对于知识转移效率的影响机制,本文采用案例研究的方法,以海尔集团并购FPA为研究对象,研究中国企业通过跨国并购实现技术创新机理。结果表明,跨国技术并购过程中知识一致性、资源互补性、组织匹配性等因素,有助于并购企业间的知识转移,并最终提升了并购企业的创新绩效。知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性增强了知识转移对于企业创新绩效的影响。从知识转移研究的角度看,知识一致性能够提升吸收能力,并降低知识转移的成本。从并购研究的视角看,战略互补性、组织匹配性则为知识转移提供了保障机制。最后,本文提出我国企业通过跨国并购战略获取关键技术的过程中,应该评估与并购对象的知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性,能够提升并购企业的吸收能力,增强并购双方的跨组织创新网络与联系,使得知识转移更加容易在并购企业双方之间发生,最终提升并购企业的创新绩效。