国际技术外溢对我国工业部门R＆D活动影响的实证研究——国际技术外溢对我国经济发展的影响研究之二

文章运用我国1998年-2002年各省的有关经济数据，分析了国际技术外溢的溢出效应与竞争效应对我国工业部门R＆D活动的影响。我们发现，国际技术外溢对我国工业部门R＆D活动有正向的溢出效应和负向竞争效应，负向竞争效应比正向溢出效应表现的更为显著。研究还发现，国际技术外溢对不同所有制工业部门的溢出效应和竞争效应是不同的：它对我国国有工业部门的R＆D活动有不显著的负向溢出效应和显著的负向竞争效应，对我国三资工业部门的R＆D活动有尽管不显著但表现为正的溢出效应和竞争效应。因此，国际技术外溢对国有工业企业R＆D活动冲击较大，而以外商独资、三资企业为主的工业企业的R＆D活动相对受益。最后，提出了促进国际技术外溢对我国工业部门R＆D活动技术扩散的政策建议。     

跨国公司在华R＆D投资的技术溢出效应研究——以江苏省无锡国家高新区为例

由于R＆D活动的经济外部性,跨国公司在华R＆D投资通过多种途径产生了一种使我国技术水平提升、R＆D能力增强的技术溢出效应。对无锡国家高新区跨国公司R＆D机构进行问卷调研,并在考察跨国公司R＆D机构基本情况、R＆D主要特性的基础上,对跨国公司在华R＆D投资的技术溢出效应进行了实证分析。     

基于CH模型的R&D扩散效应分析

R＆D扩散是技术创新扩散的基础和前提,科技中心城市的R＆D扩散效应对周边区域技术进步起着尤为重要的作用。阐述了R＆D扩散的系统理论,对影响R＆D扩散能力的评价指标变量进行了定性分析和定量分析。以北京区域为实例,借助扩展的CH模型对R＆D扩散效应进行了实证研究。结果表明,区域内的研发投入R＆D和区域外FDI带来的溢出效应具有滞后性,且FDI的溢出效应一定程度上会抑制区域内的技术创新与扩散。     

完善R＆D激励机制方略

R＆D具有明显的溢出效应,往往通过"知识溢出"和"市场溢出"而导致创新者的"利益溢出",严重损害创新者的应得利益,降低R＆D的积极性。为此,必须从不同层面对R＆D活动予以鼓励和支持,不断完善R＆D激励机制。     

开放经济下知识资本对全要素生产率效应的研究——基于G20国家面板数据模型实证分析

一国知识资本包括人力资本、国内研发资本和国际知识溢出.利用G20国家1996～2010年的面板数据,研究知识资本对全要素生产率的作用.研究表明,国内R＆D投入是推动地区生产率增长的最主要因素;人力资本与生产率增长显著正相关,但对国际知识溢出的吸收效应不容乐观;贸易机制的知识溢出有助于生产率的增长,但FDI机制的知识溢出效应并不明显.     

航空工业品进口贸易技术溢出效应的实证研究

自新贸易理论产生以来,进口贸易作为国际R＆D溢出的重要物化渠道已得到广泛共识。在已有研究成果基础上,将进口贸易技术溢出理论运用到中国高技术产业重要构成的航空工业,选取1995—2011时序数据,基于Malmquist生产率指数构造进口贸易技术溢出的FFG模型,运用DEAP2.1和Stata11.0软件对其进行实证检验。回归结果显示,通过进口溢出的国外R＆D资本存量系数显著为正,取值范围介于0.419~0.908。在此基础上提出对策建议,以期充分利用技术溢出效应。     

完善R&D激励机制方略

R&D具有明显的溢出效应,往往通过"知识溢出"和"市场溢出"而导致创新者的"利益溢出",严重损害创新者的应得利益,降低R＆D的积极性.为此,必须从不同层面对R＆D活动予以鼓励和支持,不断完善R＆D激励机制.     

R＆D、R＆D溢出、内生增长和内生收敛

根据强调知识与技术创新、知识与技术溢出重要性的当代内生增长理论，本文建立了一个将R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间直接关联起来的动态模型。面板数据协整检验实证分析结果表明R＆D和R＆D溢出与资本积累之间、R＆D和R＆D溢出与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的正面长期协整关联。进一步的分析表明，R＆D与资本积累之间、R＆D与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的长期双向格兰杰因果关系。由此观知，R＆D乃长期经济增长源泉之所在。另一方面，尽管资本积累或总产出增长并不格兰杰导致R＆D溢出，证据表明R＆D溢出格兰杰导致资本积累和总产出增长。这种由R＆D溢出到资本积累和总产出增长的单向格兰杰因果关系意味着尽管知识与技术的跨国传播并非必然发生。其实为世界经济增长的重要动力。     

FDI在我国技术溢出效应的局限性及因应策略

利用索洛刺余模型对FDI在我国的技术溢出效应进行分析和实证检验，结果证明：在我国FDI的溢出效应并不明显。以溢出效应三个途径作为切入点，通过对导致溢出效应不明显的原因进行分析、实证检验，表明我国FDI的技术溢出效应存在局限性。如何克服这种局限性以提高内资企业的技术水平则是值得研究的课题。     

R＆D投入对中国经济增长的溢出效应分析

研究和试验发展（R＆D）活动是科技活动中最具有创造性和创新性的核心,是推动经济和社会发展的主要动力。利用1991—2011年的时间数据,分析了R＆D投入对中国经济增长的溢出效应分析,结果表明,中国R＆D投入对中国经济增长有正向的促进作用。因此,中国在大幅度增加R＆D经费投入的同时,应该同时优化R＆D投入结构,实现R＆D资源的优化配置。     

On `indirect' trade-related R&D spillovers

An influential literature argues that trade promotes knowledge flows and technology transmission between trading partners. This literature focuses on `direct' research and development (R&D) spillovers which are related to the levels of R&D produced by the trading partners. In this paper, we argue that `indirect' trade-related R&D spillovers also take place between countries, even if they do not trade with each other. These `indirect' spillovers are associated with available rather than with produced levels of R&D. Our empirical results suggest that these `indirect' trade-related spillovers are at least as important as the `direct' ones, and strengthen the view that trade does matter for the international transmission of R&D. They also suggest that, due to the existence of these `indirect' effects, bilateral trade patterns are relatively less important determinants of the level of foreign R&D spillovers acquired through trade.     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

International spillovers of R&D and marginal social returns

This study analyzes marginal social and private returns of R&D investment through the impact of international spillovers of R&D stocks. We compare the marginal social with marginal private returns using data of 27 OECD and EU countries from 1995 to 2008. We consider two channels of R&D spillovers: embodied in trade flows and disembodied by bilateral technological proximity. We find that marginal social returns on R&D are much larger than the marginal private returns for R&D‐intensive countries, in the embodied spillover channel. We also find that the embodied spillover channel through import flows is more important than the disembodied channel.     

Trade-related R&D Spillovers in Vietnamese Manufacturing

ABSTRACT

This study aims to examine how Vietnamese manufacturing could benefit from R&D investment locally and from OECD countries through trade during a period marked with major trade liberalisations. Using the industry-level data during 2000–2009, it finds that the foreign R&D has accounted for the most part of the R&D spillovers in the sector, with a larger proportion earning from the other foreign industries’ R&D. The domestic industries’ own R&D has improved the sector’s total factor productivity, but in a relatively smaller magnitude compared to the foreign sources. In examining the localised effects of R&D spillovers in Vietnamese manufacturing, the results reiterate the important roles of trade-embedded foreign R&D spillovers from Japan, the US, South Korea, and Germany in the sector’s total factor productivity growth. These findings altogether give support to foreign technology diffusion as a major conduit for growth prospects in Vietnamese manufactures.     

ChinHow R&D Investments Influence TFP Growth: Evidence from China’s Large and Medium- Sized Industrial Enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

R&D policy with layers of economic integration

This paper examines whether the optimal unilateral R&D policy for an open economy is a subsidy or a tax. It constructs a general equilibrium model with three successive layers of international integration: (a) trade in goods, (b) trade in technologies with international R&D spillovers and (c) internationally-coordinated R&D policy. Trade in technologies introduces the possibility that an R&D subsidy will have such strong, negative terms-of-trade effects that it harms domestic welfare. Numerical simulations of the OECD show this is a possibility for the US and Japan. With international R&D spillovers a domestic R&D subsidy may reduce domestic innovation.     

Patents,technological inputs and spillovers among regions

This article analyses the importance of different technological inputs (R&D and human capital) and different spillovers in explaining the differences in patenting among Spanish regions in the period 1986 to 2003. The analysis is based on the estimation of a knowledge production function. A region's own R&D activities and human capital are observed to have a positive significant effect on innovation output, measured by the number of patents. R&D spillovers weighted by the distance and the volume of trade flows between regions cause positive effects on a region's patents. However, distance matters more than the intensity of trade flows and the R&D spillover effects between regions are bounded: spillovers from closer regions perform better than spillovers from distant regions. On the opposite side, human capital spillovers do not cause any effect outside the region itself.     

R&D spillovers and productivity: Evidence from U.S. manufacturing microdata

This paper deals with the estimation of the impact of technology spillovers on productivity at the firm level. Panel data for American manufacturing firms on sales, physical capital inputs, employment and R&D investments are linked to R&D data by industry. The latter data are used to construct four different sets of `indirect' R&D stocks, representing technology obtained through spillovers. The differences between two distinct kinds of spillovers are stressed. Cointegration analysis is introduced into production function estimation. Spillovers are found to have significant positive effects on productivity, although their magnitudes differ between high-tech, medium-tech and low-tech firms. First version received: April 1997/final version received: April 1999     

Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth

This paper presents a trade model with firm‐level productivity differences and R&D‐driven growth. Trade liberalization causes the least productive firms to exit but also slows the development of new products. The overall effect on productivity growth depends on the size of intertemporal knowledge spillovers in R&D. When these spillovers are relatively weak, then trade liberalization promotes productivity growth in the short run and makes consumers better off in the long run. However, when these spillovers are relatively strong, then trade liberalization retards productivity growth in the short run and makes consumers worse off in the long run.