R&D、R&D溢出、内生增长和内生收敛

根据强调知识与技术创新、知识与技术溢出重要性的当代内生增长理论,本文建立了一个将R&D和R&D溢出与资本积累之间、R&D和R&D溢出与总产出增长之间直接关联起来的动态模型.面板数据协整检验实证分析结果表明R&D和R&D溢出与资本积累之间、R&D和R&D溢出与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的正面长期协整关联.进一步的分析表明,R&D与资本积累之间、R&D与总产出增长之间分别存在显著的长期双向格兰杰因果关系.由此观知,R&D乃长期经济增长源泉之所在.另一方面,尽管资本积累或总产出增长并不格兰杰导致R&D溢出,证据表明R&D溢出格兰杰导致资本积累和总产出增长.这种由R&D溢出到资本积累和总产出增长的单向格兰杰因果关系意味着尽管知识与技术的跨国传播并非必然发生,其实为世界经济增长的重要动力.     

中国政府R＆D投入对就业的效应研究

本文在对政府R＆D投入与就业关系进行理论探讨的基础上，运用样本数据进行实证分析，通过对政府R＆D投入与就业规模的协整检验和建立误差修正模型发现：中国R＆D资本额与就业规模之间存在着协整关系．误差修正模型显示两者之间的长期均衡机制对扩大就业有明显的促进作用。应注重政府R＆D投入对就业的长期效应，将其纳入中长期就业规划。     

完善R＆D激励机制方略

R＆D具有明显的溢出效应,往往通过"知识溢出"和"市场溢出"而导致创新者的"利益溢出",严重损害创新者的应得利益,降低R＆D的积极性。为此,必须从不同层面对R＆D活动予以鼓励和支持,不断完善R＆D激励机制。     

加强R＆D储存的必要性、重要性及紧迫性

21世纪是知识经济的时代，R＆D是新知识和新技术的源头，R＆D的投入是对知识和技术的投入，一国R＆D储存的大小在很大程度上决定了该国的竞争力。紧紧围绕R＆D储存这一主题，找出我国与以关国为首的OECD主要国家之间的差距，并进行了分析。最后，得出我国应加大科技人才培育与开发的力度和增加R＆D经费的支出，提高国内R＆D储存，实现我国经济的腾飞。     

跨国公司在华R＆D投资环境评价

在跨国公司海外R＆D投资环境指标体系下，对跨国公司在华R＆D投资的市场环境、科技环境、基础环境和人才环境作出了较为全面的评价，从而得出结论：跨国公司在华R＆D投资以知识利用为主，但是知识生产有增长的趋势：中国只有加大R＆D投入，不断完善基础设施与政策环境，才能吸引跨国公司在华R＆D投资，同时提高本国的R＆D能力和科技创新能力。     

R＆D投入对中国经济增长的动态时滞效应分析

本文分析并确定了R＆D投入促进经济增长的传导机制和作用途径。在理论分析上，R＆D投入主要通过资本形成、贸易创造、产业联系、技术进步、产业结构和制度变迁六大效应向GDP传导。在实证上，构建向量自回归模型，采用协整检验和Granger因果检验来确定R＆D促进经济增长的作用途径，最终通过脉冲响应函数及方差分解实证研究R＆D促进作用的时滞效应。结果显示：R＆D对我国经济的综合影响大致从其投入起8-15年表现最为显著，时滞期长并能对经济增长产生持久影响。     

下游制造商R＆D存在溢出效应时供应商的价格策略研究

针对供应链R＆D投资套牢问题，以博弈论为工具，在一个两层供应链系统中，研究下游制造商从事成本节约型R＆D时上游供应商的批发价格策略。主要考虑了供应商在保持批发价格灵活性和承诺批发价格下制造商的创新投资以及产量决策。研究表明，无论溢出水平多大，供应商承诺批发价格都会导致制造商R＆D投资和产品产量的增加，但无论在哪种价格策略下，制造商的R＆D投资和产品产量都是溢出水平的减函数。     

基于知识共享和知识溢出的企业R＆D合作策略分析

以D＇Aspremont ＆ Jacquemin模型（以下简称DJ模型）为基础,研究了基于知识共享和知识溢出条件下企业的R＆D合作行为。研究结果表明,在考虑知识共享的作用下,即使当溢出〈0.5时,R＆D合作依然有可能比R＆D竞争具有更高的研发投资、产业总产量和社会总福利。     

五代R＆D管理模式比较研究

以美国等西方发达国家为例，回顾了国外R＆D管理模式的演进过程，评述了国外R＆D管理理论的内容与特点，并介绍了目前R＆D管理模式发展的新趋势。最后提出，第五代R＆D管理的核心是研发知识管理．并对我国的R＆D管理提出了一些对策与建议。     

R＆D投入对中国经济增长的溢出效应分析

研究和试验发展（R＆D）活动是科技活动中最具有创造性和创新性的核心,是推动经济和社会发展的主要动力。利用1991—2011年的时间数据,分析了R＆D投入对中国经济增长的溢出效应分析,结果表明,中国R＆D投入对中国经济增长有正向的促进作用。因此,中国在大幅度增加R＆D经费投入的同时,应该同时优化R＆D投入结构,实现R＆D资源的优化配置。     

ChinHow R&D Investments Influence TFP Growth: Evidence from China’s Large and Medium- Sized Industrial Enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

R&D spillovers and productivity: Evidence from U.S. manufacturing microdata

This paper deals with the estimation of the impact of technology spillovers on productivity at the firm level. Panel data for American manufacturing firms on sales, physical capital inputs, employment and R&D investments are linked to R&D data by industry. The latter data are used to construct four different sets of `indirect' R&D stocks, representing technology obtained through spillovers. The differences between two distinct kinds of spillovers are stressed. Cointegration analysis is introduced into production function estimation. Spillovers are found to have significant positive effects on productivity, although their magnitudes differ between high-tech, medium-tech and low-tech firms. First version received: April 1997/final version received: April 1999     

Human Capital and Overinvestment in R&D*

We introduce a negative effect of technological development on human capital accumulation in a growth model with endogenous innovation and accumulation of human capital. This implies a negative externality of R&D in human capital accumulation. Some calibration exercises suggest that this distortion may be sufficiently strong not only to offset the usual effects of spillovers and of returns to specialization but also to induce overinvestment in R&D.     

R&D Policies and Endogenous Growth: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis of the Case for Canada*

This paper utilizes a general equilibrium R&D model of endogenous growth via increasing capital variety to examine the impact of alternative policies on productivity and economic growth. The model is calibrated using data from the Canadian economy. Findings reveal that direct incentives such as subsidies to R&D activities would have the highest productivity impact on the Canadian economy, that an increase in subsidies to the users of R&D capital (output) would have a positive but smaller impact, and trade liberalization would have minimal effects on productivity growth via its impact on international R&D spillovers.     

The Long-Run Growth Effects of R&D Subsidies

This article presents a generalized versionof Howitt's (1999) model of R&D-driven growth withoutscale effects and a complete characterization of the long-rungrowth effects of R&D subsidies. R&D subsidiescan either promote or retard long-run economic growth, and surprisingly,the growth-retarding outcome occurs for a wide range of plausibleparameter values. This article also presents a new intuitiveexplanation for why R&D subsidies can have long-rungrowth effects (both positive and negative).     

中国工业产业结构与企业技术研发行为的实证分析

产业结构升级一直是我国经济学界所关心的一个问题，工业产业的升级更是一个众所关注的焦点。本文在前人研究的基础上，利用中国工业产业数据，采用了经典的SCP范式模型．对熊彼特的两个经典假说进行了验证。发现竞争与企业利润同时对企业研发具有促进作用．熊彼特两个相互矛盾的结论同时得到了支持。通过对应分析，我们对中国工业内产业不同特点和企业不同特点进行了归类，提出国有企业在不同行业的产值比重是导致了这两个看似矛盾的结论同时并存的原因。     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

R&D subsidy and output subsidy in a duopoly: The role of technology spillover and R&D budget

Technology spillover and research and development (R&D) budget are relevant on government subsidies that aim at improving social welfare through enhancing R&D incentives of firms. However, there has not been related literature considering these two factors. To fill this gap, this paper examines the effect of technology spillover and R&D budget on R&D competition of duopolistic firms and government subsidies by constructing a game-theoretic model. We find that while each firm's profit sometimes increases with R&D budget for low coefficient of technology spillover, this profit may decrease with R&D budget for high coefficient of technology spillover due to the intensified R&D competition. We show that when both R&D budget and the coefficient of technology spillover remain high, R&D subsidy leads to higher social welfare than output subsidy and otherwise R&D subsidy results in lower social welfare.     

R&D与生产率——基于中国制造业的实证研究

本文运用中国四位数制造产业数据对R&D与生产率之间的关系进行了实证检验。通过估计两种不同的生产函数模型,本文发现R&D对生产率有显著正影响。在控制了市场因素和产权因素的影响后,R&D与生产率之间仍旧表现出显著的正相关关系。本文还发现,R&D对生产率的促进作用也依赖于产业技术机会,高科技产业的R&D产出弹性显著大于非高科技产业的R&D产出弹性。     

Non‐Scale Endogenous Growth with R&D and Human Capital

This paper examines the conditions under which increasing knowledge, encapsulated in ideas for new technology through R&D and embodied in human capital through education, sustains economic growth. A general model is developed where, consistent with recent literature, growth is non‐scale (not increasing in population size) and endogenous (generated by factors within R&D and education). Recent models feature the counterfactual assumption of constant returns to existing knowledge and restrict the substitutability of inputs within R&D and education. We find that non‐scale endogenous growth is possible under less stringent conditions. The findings reconcile sustained economic growth with evidence of diminishing marginal returns in education and R&D, which suggests an ambiguous role for R&D policy.