教育产出结构对经济增长影响的空间异质性

以内生经济增长理论为基础,构造了纳入不同层次教育水平(初等、中等、高等教育)人力资本的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数,重点分析物质资本、技术进步水平、一般劳动力、初等教育人力资本、中等教育人力资本、高等教育人力资本对经济增长的影响。研究结果表明:各投入要素对经济增长的作用表现出明显的区域性和不平衡性;各投入要素对经济增长的作用呈现出层次性和梯度性。从模型估计结果可以看出,物质资本对经济增长的贡献最高,一般劳动力次之,各层次教育形成的人力资本对经济增长的贡献最低;经济发达地区中等、高等教育形成的人力供给对经济增长发挥重要的贡献;而经济欠发达地区的这种影响并不显著,中等教育形成的人力资本供给匮乏。     

教育产出结构对经济增长影响的空间异质性Lai Zhihua1,2,Wang Bifeng2

以内生经济增长理论为基础,构造了纳入不同层次教育水平(初等、中等、高等教育)人力资本的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数,重点分析物质资本、技术进步水平、一般劳动力、初等教育人力资本、中等教育人力资本、高等教育人力资本对经济增长的影响.研究结果表明:各投入要素对经济增长的作用表现出明显的区域性和不平衡性;各投入要素对经济增长的作用呈现出层次性和梯度性.从模型估计结果可以看出,物质资本对经济增长的贡献最高,一般劳动力次之,各层次教育形成的人力资本对经济增长的贡献最低;经济发达地区中等、高等教育形成的人力供给对经济增长发挥重要的贡献;而经济欠发达地区的这种影响并不显著,中等教育形成的人力资本供给匮乏.     

我国人力资本投资对经济增长的贡献

本文在对人力资本与经济增长的文献综述的基础上,利用我国统计年鉴中有关经济、教育数据计算我国人力资本存量与物质资本存量,并利用有效劳动模型和人力资本外部性模型,估计我国人力资本对经济增长的贡献,发现在我国经济增长过程中,物质资本存量的作用更为关键,而且人力资本投资对经济增长的外部性作用明显。     

论人力资本投资对经济增长的作用

人力资本理论认为，人力资本是一种特殊的具有主观能动性的资源，是促进经济增长的强大推动力，对现代高新技术产业的发展和经济增长起着决定性的作用。因此，我们要充分重视人力资本，重视人力资本的形成和积累。人力资本的形成主要在教育，教育投资是人力资本形成的关键。     

教育人力资本、健康人力资本与地区经济增长差异——基于中国省际面板数据的实证研究

在M-R-W增长模型框架下,将人力资本的内涵扩展至教育和健康两个方面。用教育收益率修正了教育人力资本指标,而健康则主要从投入角度加以测度。应用传统的固定效应模型和动态面板模型(DGMM)估计教育人力资本、健康人力资本对地区经济差异的影响。结果显示,人力资本促使全国省际间人均GDP增长出现明显的"俱乐部"收敛现象,而三大地区内部的经济增长则表现出条件收敛趋势。从教育人力资本产出弹性可以看出,东部地区经济增长的驱动力正从物质资本向人力资本方向转变。以每万人拥有床位数代表的健康人力资本促进了全国及区域范围内的经济增长。     

健康人力资本研究文献综述

人力资本投资对于经济增长的贡献已经得到共识,但是现有研究主流集中在教育人力资本领域,作为教育投资回报基础的健康人力资本研究还不是十分丰富,采用的方法及采取的变量也十分有限。文章对健康人力资本与经济增长、个人收入等几个角度的文献进行了观点介绍和简单述评。     

人力资本对经济增长的影响

随着知识经济的到来,人力资本对于经济发展的作用日益明显。就中国而言,武汉与上海都是高校云集、人力资本丰富的地区,但两地的经济增长率却有显著的不同。本文试图从实证分析出发,根据武汉和上海两地的数据,依据人力资本外部性模型,计算出人力资本对于两地经济增长的贡献,分析影响两地经济增长差异的因素,并提出促进武汉经济发展的四点政策建议。     

人力资本对经济增长的影响

随着知识经济的到来,人力资本对于经济发展的作用日益明显.就中国而言,武汉与上海都是高校云集、人力资本丰富的地区,但两地的经济增长率却有显著的不同.本文试图从实证分析出发,根据武汉和上海两地的数据,依据人力资本外部性模型,计算出人力资本对于两地经济增长的贡献,分析影响两地经济增长差异的因素,并提出促进武汉经济发展的四点政策建议.     

异质型人力资本对经济增长作用的空间计量实证分析

本文分别构建了卢卡斯作用机制、尼尔森—菲尔普斯作用机制及其联合作用机制下的空间经济增长模型,运用中国27个省的面板数据,对各类型人力资本作用经济增长的机制、显著性及其空间外溢性进行了实证研究。结果显示:(1)基础人力资本与知识人力资本均是通过尼尔森—菲尔普斯机制促进经济增长,其中,知识人力资本对经济增长贡献最大。技能人力资本与制度人力资本在各种机制下对经济增长的作用统计上均不显著。反映出我国人力资本结构层次低下。(2)各类型人力资本的空间依赖性均显著,表现出各类型人力资本对邻接省域经济增长有显著的促进作用。     

国外人力资本与经济增长关系研究述评

文章综述了国外人力资本与经济增长关系研究的文献,指出人力资本与经济增长关系的研究经历了三个阶段,人力资本理论建立之处的草创阶段,新增长理论阶段,和后新增长理论阶段。草创阶段发现了人力资本(教育)在经济增长中具有重要的作用,新增长理论阶段,着重研究人力资本和研发(创新)在经济增长中的作用机制,并建立了内生增长模型;后新增长理论阶段,主要是对新增长理论的检验和修订,并试图建立新的增长模型。最后,对人力资本与经济增长关系的研究进展作了评价。     

Policies to stimulate growth: should we invest in health or education?

Empirical studies in the literature on economic growth have focused on the affect of education and yet Knowles and Owen (1995, 1997) found health, proxied by life expectancy, to be highly statistically significant with education having a modest role. This study extends their model and employs variables that are more conducive to policy formulation: calorific intake and school enrolment ratios. Results suggest that reducing undernutrition would only make a modest contribution to economic growth while increasing enrolment ratios, especially secondary, has a positive and more significant effect. Policies to increase economic growth should favour investments in education over health.     

What's Not Converging? East Asia's Relative Performance in Income,Health, and Education*

This paper discusses East Asia's performance in terms of per capita gross domestic product growth rates over the past 40 years and compares that performance to progress primarily on measures of health. It also compares the region to the rest of the world on a set of broader development measures. It looks at the evidence of East Asian regional and global convergence in health and education, alongside evidence from the region matching global evidence of a comparatively weak link between income growth and health and education growth. This finding is echoed by available within‐country evidence from the region. This paper discusses what might be behind these results, suggesting the importance of a few simple supply‐side interventions coupled with the spread of demand for health and education services as sufficient to drive quality‐of‐life convergence.     

新时代儿童健康教育体系协同治理研究

儿童健康是国家健康的起点与基础,是提升劳动力素质与人口质量的关键环节,而开展儿童健康教育是实现儿童健康的必要路径。在新时代背景下,从健康资本、健康均等受益维度出发,构建与完善协同发展的儿童健康教育体系,加大政府、学校、家庭、社会融合协调的参与力度,充分发挥针对儿童的健康教育机制作用,对促进儿童的健康成长,实现健康国家战略具有重要的意义。本文在对我国儿童健康教育的发展现状进行全面概括的基础上,深入剖析我国儿童健康教育体系发展所面临的困境与挑战,并相应提出了我国儿童健康教育体系协同治理及发展的政策建议：(一) 将大健康的儿童健康教育理念渗入到儿童健康教育长远规划中去;(二) 建立科学的识别机制,细分儿童健康教育服务需求;(三) 完善儿童健康保障相关的法律规范,建立儿童健康教育体系的监督反馈评估机制;(四) 提升儿童健康教育服务能力,尤其关注儿童心理及社会健康教育,建立健全儿童健康教育服务递送体系;(五) 建立促进多元主体共同协同治理的机制,建立以儿童为中心的儿童健康教育协同发展体系。     

人力资本投资结构与经济增长——基于包含教育资本、健康资本的内生增长模型理论研究

文章针对已有的关于人力资本投资的理论研究往往只关注于人力资本投资数量而忽视人力资本投资结构的现状,把教育和健康看作两种资本,分析了人力资本投资结构的具体构成形式。假设人力资本由教育资本和健康资本按照Cobb-Douglas生产技术形式组合生成,在扩展MRW模型的基础上,文章构建了一个内生经济增长模型。分析结论表明人力资本投资结构制约着经济增长,人力资本投资结构和数量(存量)都对经济产生重要影响。     

Democracy comes to Europe: Franchise extension and fiscal outcomes 1830-1938

This paper examines the relation between public spending and the spread of democracy in Western Europe during the period 1830-1938. Our data set includes measures of the size of the electorate, the election rule, and electoral participation, as well as measures of the size and composition of central government expenditures for 12 countries. We estimate panel regressions, and find that (1) the gradual lifting of socio-economic restrictions on the voting franchise contributed to growth in government spending mainly by increasing spending on infrastructure and internal security; (2) the female suffrage had a weak positive effect, through spending on health, education and welfare; (3) the change from majority to proportional rule, which took place in 10 of the countries, did not contribute to growth in government spending, and held back spending on health, education and welfare; (4) there exists (weak) complementarity between economic development and the spread of democracy.     

The impact of education on healthcare expenditure in China: quantity or quality

With respects to the low level of the healthcare expenditure, China has been experiencing a rapid growth of the education. This article is designed to test the education quantity and the education quality on the healthcare expenditure and conducts China’s provincial data set over the period 2001–2016. The results suggest that the education quantity has no significant effect on the healthcare expenditure, while the education quality has a positive and significant effect. Thus, it is suggested that China’s expansion on education cannot maintain the quality, and is not conducive to the improvement of human capital in education and health.     

Aging,growth and the allocation of public expenditures on health and education

In this paper, I develop an overlapping generations endogenous growth model in which both public education and health are sources of growth by affecting the accumulation rate of the human capital stock and the savings rate over life expectancy. I first find that dynamic complementarities of public expenditures lead to minimum threshold levels of public education and health expenditures that ensure sustainable growth. I then show how governments can use the allocation of public expenditures as an alternative policy instrument to maximize growth without increasing the tax rate or the retirement age, as usually happens in aging economies.     

增长失衡与政府责任——基于社会性支出角度的分析

当前中国的发展出现了以国富与民生关系失衡为本质特征的增长失衡。本文从教育、医疗和社会保障等与民生有关的政府责任切入,指出当前中国与民生状况直接相关的政府社会性支出的不足,是导致增长失衡的重要原因。为此,政府应在提供教育、医疗和社会保障等方面承担起基本的责任,加快财政支出结构转型,增加社会性支出的比重,改善民生状况,纠正增长失衡;并通过社会性支出的增加,促进人力资本积累,推动增长路径的转变,实现经济长期健康发展。     

Maximizing human development

The Human Development Index (HDI) is widely used as a measure of well‐being. We examine the allocations implied by the maximization of this index using a standard growth model. Maximization leads to consumption (excluding education and health expenditures) being pushed to minimal levels. It also leads to the overaccumulation of education and/or health capital and possibly physical capital, relative to the standard golden rule. We propose an alternative specification for the HDI, where consumption replaces income as a proxy for decent standard of living. Maximization of this alternative implies a ‘human development golden rule’ which balances consumption, education and health expenditure. We advocate the method of optimization subject to constraints for revealing the policy implications of taking an achievement measure and its underlying philosophy seriously.