生态环境多样性造就文化教育多样性

我国生态环境是多样性的。正是由于地势西高东低，高差悬殊，地貌结构复杂，山川纵横，山谷众多，所以才构成了我国千姿百态的地貌类型。正是由于气候多样，南北变化很大，所以才构成了我国气候的多样性。我国的大部分领土处于北温带，正是黑格尔所说的“历史的真正的舞台”。类型多样的地貌和多样化的气候资源，为种类繁多的生物生成和繁衍提供了极为优越的环境条件，而生态环境和生物的多样性又造就了富有特色的文化多样性。生态环境既是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础，又是人类产生各种意识或精神的基础。生态环境的多样性是形成文化多样…     

生物多样性在城市生态与城市园林绿化中的运用

随着人们对生态环境越来越重视,对城市园林绿化要求越来越高,城市园林绿化建设是城市有生命的基础设施建设,是城市生态环境建设的主体,在改善生态环境方面起着巨大作用.本文概述了城市绿化建设中存在的一些问题,分析了目前在运用城市生物多样性方面存在的一些模糊认识和不合理做法,指出城市绿化建设过程中生物多样的运用方法.     

中国蝶类生物多样性生存现状及其新的保护模式探索

中国地跨古北区和东洋区,蝴蝶生物多样性非常丰富。蝴蝶具有巨大的美学、经济和生态价值。但是由于生态环境的破坏和市场利益的驱动,使我国蝴蝶生物多样性资源遭受了严重破坏。指出了我国蝴蝶生物多样性资源所面临的主要威胁以及所采取的保护措施,提出了蝴蝶生物多样性资源保护和可持续利用双赢的新思路,以期达到蝴蝶资源保护和可持续利用的良性互动。     

生物多样性在城市生态与城市园林绿化中的运用

随着人们对生态环境越来越重视,对城市园林绿化要求越来越高,城市园林绿化建设是城市有生命的基础设施建设,是城市生态环境建设的主体,在改善生态环境方面起着巨大作用。本文概述了城市绿化建设中存在的一些问题,分析了目前在运用城市生物多样性方面存在的一些模糊认识和不合理做法,指出城市绿化建设过程中生物多样的运用方法。     

保护生物多样性的生态伦理观

生物多样性是人类生存和发展的物质基础，由于人类的活动及其对生物多样性的错误观念，导致生物多样性的大量丧失，对人类的生存构成了严重威胁。本文在阐述生物多样性概率以及分析生物多样性丧失原因的基础上，从生态伦理学的角度，提出了保护生物多样性的生态伦理观的主要内容。     

申遗背景下的中国自然遗产潜力评估

参照世界自然遗产地学、美学、生物生态过程和濒危物种栖息地4项申遗评选标准,依据地貌景观、生物景观等价值构成,建立美学价值评估方法;依据世界遗产13类地学主题评价框架、地质演化过程、典型类型地貌等价值构成,建立地学价值评估方法;依据生态系统过程、物种多样性、栖息地等价值构成,建立生物生态学价值评估方法。利用全球对比的方法提取和评估突出普遍价值,将中国自然遗产潜力区分为青藏高原区、西北干旱区、东部季风区等生态环境基本单元,筛选我国世界自然遗产潜力区。重点提出海洋类世界自然遗产和西部北部地区申遗的可能性,提出中国申报世界自然遗产突出普遍价值的评估策略与优先原则。     

气候变化与全球生物多样性

<正>气候是地球生态系统的一个关键支撑要素,为地球生物构筑了生存和发展的基本环境。自工业革命以来,人类不当活动导致全球气候持续变暖。气候变化破坏和改变了不少生物的生存环境,威胁它们种群的生存和发展,对地球生物多样性造成巨大威胁。与此同时,生物多样性的改变,也负向反馈到了气候变化上,进一步加剧了全球气候变暖。两者间这种互为因果的恶性循环,使全球生物多样性保护工作和减排事业遭受更大挑战。     

《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2023—2030年）》发布 如何解决生物多样性融资缺口？

<正>近日,生态环境部发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2023—2030年）》（以下简称《行动计划》）。《行动计划》作为我国生物多样性保护的总体规划和履行《生物多样性公约》的核心工具,明确了我国新时期生物多样性保护战略。《行动计划》就生物多样性主流化、生物多样性丧失威胁、生物多样性可持续利用与惠益分享、生物多样性治理能力现代化四个优先领域进行了全面部署,每个优先领域下设六至八个具体优先行动,涵盖政策法规、     

区域特色经济发展中的优势比较、产业选择和路径分析——以云南为例

云南省位于我国西南边界,地处低纬度高原,地理位置特殊,地形地貌复杂,所以气候也很复杂.全省气候类型丰富多样,有北热带、南亚热带、中亚热带、北亚热带、南温带、中温带和高原气候区共7个气候类型.同时,由于云南特殊的地理位置导致云南的地形地貌也相当特殊,这使得云南省的自然资源相当丰富.本文主要探讨了云南在发展其特色产业时具有的突出优势,并分析了其为产业选择提供的多种途径,多种选择.     

加强生物多样性保护,促进环境安全

首先阐述生物多样性的含义,简迷生物多样性与我们的关系和生物多样性的价值,然后分析生物多样性所面临的威胁和我国的具体现状,根据造成生物多样性受破坏的原因,提出加强生物多样性保护的对策.     

Integration and diversity

Experimental Economics - We study a setting where individuals prefer to coordinate with others but they differ on their preferred action. Our interest is in understanding the role of link formation...     

Crowd-out and diversity

Research has shown that altruism is lower in diverse communities. Can this phenomenon be counteracted by government intervention? To answer this question, this paper introduces diversity to the canonical model of “warm glow” giving. Diversity may have two effects on incentives: it may attenuate individuals' altruistic preferences for public goods, and it may “cool off” the warm glow that individuals get from voluntarism. Either of these effects leads to diverse communities having lower levels of public goods, consistent with prior research. However, these effects have opposite implications for the efficacy of government intervention. I then empirically investigate whether government intervention is more effective in diverse communities. For identification, I exploit the Supreme Court-mandated 1991 expansion of the SSI program. Using a new dataset of United Methodist churches from 1984 to 2000, the results show that the expansion of SSI crowded-out charitable spending by churches. The crowd-out estimate for the average church is reasonably large, but this masks significant differences in crowd-out between communities. Crowd-out occurred almost entirely in relatively homogeneous communities; there is only modest evidence of crowd-out in racially diverse communities. Thus diverse communities, while having the lowest levels of altruism, are in this instance the most amenable to government intervention.     

Modelling phylogenetic diversity

The paper proposes a model for measuring and valuing biodiversity based on evolutionary information, called the phylogenetic tree model. While avoiding the strong restrictions of Weitzman’s [Quart. J. Econ. 107 (1992) 363] “cladistic” approach, the phylogenetic tree model retains much of the mathematical simplicity of the cladistic model. In particular, in the phylogenetic tree model the diversity of any set of species can be recursively determined from the pairwise dissimilarities between them. The restrictions imposed by the phylogenetic tree model on the underlying dissimilarity metric are characterized and shown to be weaker than those entailed by the cladistic model. An especially parsimonous version of the phylogenetic tree model is obtained by invoking an appropriate notion of translation invariance.     

Implications of ethnic diversity

Ethnically differentiated societies are often regarded as dysfunctional, with poor economic performance and a high risk of violent civil conflict. I argue that this is not well founded. I distinguish between 'dominance', in which one group constitutes a majority, and 'fractionalization', in which there are many small groups. In terms of overall economic performance, I show that both theoretically and empirically, fractionalization is normally unproblematic in democracies, although it can be damaging in dictatorships. Fractionalized societies have worse public sector performance, but this is offset by better private sector performance. Societies characterized by dominance are in principle likely to have worse economic performance, but empirically the effect is weak. In terms of the risk of civil war, I show that both theoretically and empirically fractionalization actually makes societies safer, while dominance increases the risk of conflict. A policy implication is that fractionalized societies are viable and secession should be discouraged.
—Paul Collier     

The roots of ethnic diversity

The level of ethnic diversity is believed to have significant consequences for economic and political development within countries. In this article, we provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the determinants of ethnolinguistic diversity in the world. We introduce a model of cultural and genetic drift where new groups endogenously emerge among peripheral populations in response to an insufficient supply of collective goods. In line with our model, we find that the duration of human settlements since prehistoric times has a strong positive association with current levels of ethnolinguistic diversity. Diversity is further negatively correlated with the length of modern state experience and with distance from the equator. Our results are thus consistent with both ??evolutionary?? and ??constructivist?? hypotheses of ethnolinguistic fractionalization.     

Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity

We propose an index of population diversity based on people’s birthplaces and decompose it into a size (share of immigrants) and a variety (diversity of immigrants) component. We show that birthplace diversity is largely uncorrelated with ethnic, linguistic or genetic diversity and that the diversity of immigrants relates positively to measures of economic prosperity. This holds especially for skilled immigrants in richer countries at intermediate levels of cultural proximity. We address endogeneity by specifying a pseudo-gravity model predicting the size and diversity of immigration. The results are robust across specifications and suggestive of skill-complementarities between immigrants and native workers.     

全球化与民族文化的多样性探析

全球化是一个历史范畴,是世界各国各地区的经济、政治、文化等领域超越国界、扩大联系的历史进程和历史趋势。全球化加速了强势文化的扩张和弱势文化的萎缩,各种文化在融合的过程中趋同,全球化不断吞噬文化多元性。因此从对全球化、文化、文化的多样性及民族文化的概念界定,探析全球化对民族文化的影响及冲击。     

Ethnic diversity and economic development

This paper analyzes the role that different indices and dimensions of ethnicity play in the process of economic development. Firstly, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of alternative data sources for the construction of indices of religious and ethnic heterogeneity. Secondly, we compare the index of fractionalization and the index of polarization. We argue that an index of the family of discrete polarization measures is the adequate indicator to measure potential conflict. We find that ethnic (religious) polarization has a large and negative effect on economic development through the reduction of investment and the increase of government consumption and the probability of a civil conflict.     

Environmental diversity in recreational choice modelling

The accuracy of environmental valuation studies relies, to a great extent, on the suitability of the proxy measures used to capture individuals' preferences. While important advances have been achieved in the last years concerning the characterization of the physical background in which recreational choices are made, Travel Cost Method applications have failed to consider the heterogeneity of landscape and the spatial configuration of land use. This paper presents an empirical application to forest recreation in Mallorca (Spain), implementing a random parameter logit model to evaluate in terms of goodness-of-fit, model predictions and welfare measurements the effects of environmental diversity on the recreational site-choice process.