我国作物遗传资源保护现状与对策分析

作物遗传资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分,是一个国家最有战略意义的宝贵财富。作物遗传资源多样性保护和可持续利用问题已列为联合国《生物多样性公约》的主要内容。文章从我国作物遗传资源的收集状况、保存状况、相关法规与管理体制现状几个方面梳理出我国作物遗传资源的保护现状,找出我国在此方面存在的主要问题,提出了加强我国作物遗传资源保护的对策建议。     

生物多样性保护优先区域划定方法研究——以青岛为例

保护生物多样性已成为可持续发展研究的热点。划定生物多样性保护优先区域是可持续发展的有效途径,而划定方法的研究是关键。本研究融合了遥感解译、模型评估和物种调查技术,将生态系统和物种测度方法进行结合,提出综合性生物多样性保护优先区域划定方法,并以青岛市为例,划定了10个陆地生物多样性保护优先区域和9个海洋生物多样性保护优先区域,面积分别是873.34 km~2和707.23 km~2,主要保护对象为森林、湿地、草地、岛屿、海洋生态系统及特有物种资源、濒危物种资源、渔业资源。该划定方法可为生物多样性保护优先区域划定提供借鉴,推动生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用。     

参与性生物多样性保护和利用

在依靠政府、科学家通过建立自然保护区、物种资源基因库等传统形式实施生物多样性保护外、更要注重其公众的参与，并实施资源的可持续利用措施。本文以浙江省临安县临目乡为例，分析了参与性生物多样性保护和利用的特征与方式以及两者的相互关系。指出它是实现山区资源、经济和环境可持续发展的一条成功之路。     

《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2023—2030年）》发布 如何解决生物多样性融资缺口？

<正>近日,生态环境部发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2023—2030年）》（以下简称《行动计划》）。《行动计划》作为我国生物多样性保护的总体规划和履行《生物多样性公约》的核心工具,明确了我国新时期生物多样性保护战略。《行动计划》就生物多样性主流化、生物多样性丧失威胁、生物多样性可持续利用与惠益分享、生物多样性治理能力现代化四个优先领域进行了全面部署,每个优先领域下设六至八个具体优先行动,涵盖政策法规、     

对森林资源型地区可持续经营的思索——以大兴安岭林区为例

森林资源可持续经营是通过严格保护、积极发展、科学经营、持续利用森林资源,提高森林资源数量和质量,增强林地森林生产力和森林生态系统的整体功能,实现森林资源的可持续发展。大兴安岭林区是我国东部国有林区的重要天然屏障之一,是森林资源型地区。鉴于此,从森林资源质量、森林健康、生物多样性、生态系统生产力等方面对该林区资源现状进行了分析,并提出了实现林区资源可持续经营的对策。     

黑龙江省森工林区自然保护区资源利用及保护策略探讨

黑龙江省森工国有林区自然保护区蕴涵着丰富的资源．它不但体现着自身的价值,也是自身发展的物质基础;合理有效地利用自然保护区资源,是实现资源保护与可持续发展的重要保证;我国自然保护区生物多样性保护对世界生物多样性保护具有十分重要的意义。     

云南野生动物资源持续利用初探

本文对云南省野生动物资源的可持续利用问题作了初步探讨，分析了云南持续利用野生动物资源存在的问题，提出了解决问题的对策，指出云南的野生动物资源的合理开发利用具有广阔前景和巨大的潜力，如果措施和政策得当，云南完全可以在下个世纪建设成为动物资源大省，为中国乃至世界的生物多样性保护和生物高科技发展，为云南的经济，文化和生态旅游建设作出较大贡献。     

水电站建成后保护植物的恢复利用研究——以云南省李仙江土卡河为例

我国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,也是水电资源丰富的国家。多年来,在许多水电站开发后的植被恢复过程中大规模地有意或无意引入外来物种,造成当地的生物多样性丧失,而且很难恢复。文章选择的云南省李仙江土卡河流域为一条国际河流,该流域分布的热带雨林是我国境内生物多样性程度最高、热带生物资源和基因资源最丰富的区域之一。文章根据水电工程建设环境保护工作的实践,分析水电建设对生物多样性的影响,研究水电建设中陆生珍稀保护植物恢复利用情况和具体措施,为今后水电建设生物多样性保护提供借鉴。     

比较法视域下我国动物资源保护刑事立法的完善

对动物资源进行刑法保护,是保护生物多样性的重要手段。国外动物资源保护的刑事立法富有特色,具有一定的科学性和先进性,从比较法的视域加以研究,剖析我国动物资源保护刑事立法的不足,借鉴国外立法经验,进一步完善立法,是有效保护我国动物资源,实现生物多样性保护的有效路径。     

山地生物多样性资源可持续开发的生态经济分析

可持续发展是全世界,也是我国当前和21世纪发展经济的主题。我国山区拥有丰富的山地生物多样性资源,但长期以来没有得到一种可持续性的合理开发利用,杀鸡取卵、竭泽而渔的错误做法时有发生,因此使得这部分资源破坏十分严重。本文拟从生态经济的角度出发,对山地生物多样性资源的可持续开发作一探讨。     

An agglomeration payment for cost-effective biodiversity conservation in spatially structured landscapes

Connected habitats are ecologically more valuable than isolated habitats for many species. A key challenge when designing payments for biodiversity in fragmented landscapes is to increase the spatial connectivity of habitats. Based on the idea of an agglomeration bonus we consider a scheme in which land-owners only receive payments if habitats are arranged in an ecologically favourable configuration. We compare the cost-effectiveness of agglomeration payments to spatially homogeneous payments on a conceptual level. Our results suggest that positive efficiency gains exist for agglomeration payments. We use Large Blue butterfly habitat in Germany as a specific case study, and find the agglomeration payments may lead to cost-savings of nearly 70% relative to homogenous payments.     

Combining performance-based and action-based payments to provide environmental goods under uncertainty

Payments for environmental services (PES) are widely adopted to support the conservation of biodiversity and other environmental goods. Challenges that PES schemes have to tackle are (i) environmental uncertainty and (ii) information asymmetry between the provider of the service (typically a farmer) and the regulator. Environmental uncertainty calls for action-based payment schemes, because of the more favorable risk allocation if the farmer is risk-averse. Information asymmetry, on the other hand, calls for a performance-based payment, because of the more direct incentives for the farmer. Based on a principal-agent model, we study the optimal combination of both, performance-based and action-based payments under conditions of environmental uncertainty and asymmetric information. We find that for a risk-neutral regulator a combination is optimal in the majority of cases and that the welfare gain of the combined scheme over a pure action-based (performance-based) payment increases with information asymmetry (environmental uncertainty). We further show that for a regulator who is risk-averse against fluctuations in environmental goods provision the optimal performance-based payment is lower than for a risk-neutral regulator. We quantitatively illustrate our findings in a case study on the enhancement of the butterfly Scarce Large Blue (Maculinea teleius) in Landau/Germany.     

Capturing the pharmaceutical value of biodiversity in a developing country

The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly being defined as a process made up of three components—saving, studying and sustainably using biodiversity. If the conservation of process is expanded to incorporate the need for both the protection of biodiversity—either in situ or ex situ—and the generation of valuable information about biodiversity, an important issue is the correct balance of investment in these two types of activities. This paper explores this issue by focusing on efforts in a developing country to capture the pharmaceutical potential of biodiversity and species information. A model of biodiversity investment choice is developed, and an analysis of royalty returns to effort in biodiversity protection, taxonomic information and the collection of biotic samples is conducted based on data from Costa Rica. The results suggest that although a country can be adequately compensated for its investment in the generation of taxonomic information, it is unlikely that pharmaceutical prospecting alone will cover the high opportunity costs of biodiversity protection.     

A landscape approach for assessing the biodiversity value of indigenous forest remnants: Case study of the Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand

To halt the decline of biodiversity in New Zealand, the government has formulated a strategy of maintaining and restoring a full range of remaining natural habitats to a healthy functioning state. Many indigenous forest remnants exist on private land, and these could be utilised to increase biodiversity. Resources for conservation of forest remnants are limited, so they must be used wisely to deliver the greatest possible biodiversity gain. This paper presents a rapid method for valuing the biodiversity of a region's indigenous forest remnants to help prioritise conservation resources. The region is divided into environmentally distinct areas called land environments. A detailed land-cover map is derived from satellite imagery and used to estimate the proportion of natural habitats remaining in each land environment; from this the biodiversity value of any forest remnant may be calculated. The method is rapid and does not require detailed biodiversity information. When combined with conservation costs, it may be used to create a priority list of forest remnants for conservation. The Manawatu/Wanganui region of New Zealand is used as a case study to demonstrate the method.     

Problems in valuing the benefits of biodiversity protection

This paper considers two problems in valuing the benefits of biodiversity protection. These are, firstly, that preferences for biodiversity protection may be lexicographic rather than utilitarian. The more individuals for whom this is true, the less is cost-benefit analysis validated as a means of decision making for biodiversity protection, since lexicographic preferences are incompatible with the Kaldor-Hicks Compensation Test. Secondly, people may be poorly informed about the meaning of biodiversity, complicating the use of contingent valuation as a means of measuring preservation benefits. This paper first discusses the meaning of biodiversity, and trends in diversity over time. We offer some empirical evidence with regard to lexicographic preferences; consider the implications of having poorly-informed consumers; and then report the results of a contingent valuation study of biodiversity protection with varying levels of information. We find that willingness to pay for biodiversity protection increases with the level of information provided.We thank David Pearce, participants at a seminar at University College London, and two referees for comments on earlier versions of this paper.     

漓江流域风景区生物多样性现状与保护对策研究

本文讨论了漓江风景名胜区及漓江源的生物多样性现状和存在的问题,论述了生物多样性与漓江风景区旅游发展的密切关系,提出了漓江流域生物多样性保护的具体措施,对漓江流域生物多样性保护和漓江风景名胜区旅游可持续发展具有实际指导意义.     

Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind

Since the UNCED Conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992, the need to actively protect biodiversity is universally acknowledged. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defined biodiversity as comprising ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity, and decided for the ecosystem level as the basis for describing biodiversity. However, due to conceptual problems as much as to the lack of data, so far no comprehensive measurements of biodiversity have been developed. A single measure quantitatively describing biodiversity even seems out of reach due to the incommensurability of the three levels. This makes it impossible to directly base policy decisions on existing or future estimates of the “total size” of biodiversity. Instead, it is suggested to analyse the pressures threatening biodiversity, which can usually be measured quantitatively, and act as the interface between the socioeconomic driving forces behind them and the biological impacts. The drivers (physical primary drivers, politics and policies causing them as secondary and institutional structures as tertiary ones) do not only affect biodiversity, but a range of sustainability problems. The analysis permits to integrate biodiversity risks with broader environmental and sustainability policies, and thus to mainstream biodiversity preservation.Such an analysis is presented for Europe, naming pressures and driving forces and illustrating the close links between the causes of biodiversity pressures and other environmental problems. This way, it is possible to develop first ideas how the standard set of environmental policies must be modified and extended to cover the issue of biodiversity.     

On the Productive Value of Biodiversity

The paper investigates the value of biodiversity as it relates to the productive value of services provided by an ecosystem. The value of biodiversity is linked with a deterioration in the functioning of the ecosystem. The analysis examines how the value of an ecosystem can be “greater than the sum of its parts”. First, we propose a general measure of the productive value of biodiversity. The measure involves an experiment that divides the ecosystem into sub-systems that are less diverse, keeping aggregate resources constant. Second, the value of biodiversity is decomposed into four components, reflecting the role of complementarity, scale, convexity, and catalytic effects. This provides new and useful information on the sources, determinants and dynamics of biodiversity value. I would like to thank seminar audiences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Nebraska, and the University of Montpellier and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on an earlier draft of the paper.     

Towards an integrated model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers, pressures and impacts. A feasibility study based on three European long-term socio-ecological research platforms

Effective policies to slow the rate of anthropogenic biodiversity loss should reduce socioeconomic pressures on biodiversity, either directly or by modifying their underlying socioeconomic driving forces. The design of such policies is currently hampered by the limited understanding of socioeconomic drivers of and pressures on biodiversity as well as by lacking data, indicators and models. In order to improve understanding of these issues we here propose a conceptual model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. The model is based on the drivers-pressures-impacts-states-responses (DPSIR) scheme and on the socioeconomic metabolism approach. The aim of the model is to guide research aimed at improving our understanding of socioeconomic biodiversity pressures and drivers and to serve as a basis for the development of formal, quantitative models in that field. Based on three European long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER) platforms, we analyze the model's applicability and suitability as well as data availability and research needs. These platforms are the Danube Delta Wetland System in Romania, the Doñana in Spain and the Eisenwurzen in Austria. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and breeding bird richness in the Eisenwurzen demonstrates the ability of HANPP to provide a link between socioeconomic pressures/drivers and biodiversity. The analysis of the case studies underlines the potential utility of the conceptual model to guide future research into socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. However, considerable investments in monitoring and reconstruction of past trajectories as well as in model development will be required before mathematical (computer) models of the interrelation processes between society and ecosystems can be successfully deployed.