浅谈林场森林分类经营

随着社会生产的发展，森林的生态环境调节功能也越来越受到重视，但是，在分类经营不能得到有效实施的情况下，对林业生态公益功能的认识只能停留在宣传上。近几年来，在实现造林绿化后，部分国有林场不能很快转到高效林业方向上来，从而造成林场效益下降，经营风险承受能力降低，经济上面临越来越大的困难。因此，如何搞好国有林场的林业分类经营，提高商品林经济效益，对生态公益林实施有效的经营和保护成为国有林场当前生产经营活动中面临的重要问题。     

深化我市林业改革 加快发展林业经济

我市地方林业有十七个国有林场，施业区总面积122，418公顷，有林面积114，700公顷，活立林总蓄积595.6万立方米。党的十一届三中全会以来，特别是1993年以后，全市国有林场2000多名职工干部解放思想，振奋精神，努力拼搏，战胜了各种困难和阻力，求得了发展和稳定。初步形成了林业产业体系的基本框架。但是，我市林业经济同全省乃至全国林业经济形势一样处于全行业危困之中。由于可采资源临近枯竭，林场经济收入逐步减少，加之离退休职工逐步增多，职工工资多次上调，生产费用上涨等刚性支出逐年增加，致使国有林场经济日益困难。有的林场历史包袱沉重，资金短缺，历年累计欠发职工工资达30多个月，林场勉强维持生产，难以加快发展。形成这种可采资源危机，经济危困的“两危”局面，除了资源优势减弱外，职工干部观念滞后，管理体制陈旧，经营机制不活是困扰和束缚林业经济发展的主要原因。要想改变这种局面，摆脱经济上的危困，加快林业经济的发展，最根本的出路在于改革，靠改革解困，靠改革搞活、靠改革发展。     

浅谈国有林场森林资源资产化管理现状与优化建议

我国国有林场面积广阔,林业资源量庞大,对我国的生态、社会、经济都有十分重要的影响。但是,现阶段我国的林场管理方面存在着一些问题,不仅影响了林业经济,久而久之还会影响到我国的生态环境。本文在此背景下研究了国有林场资源资产化管理的现状,并提出了相应的建议。     

试论新时期强化国有林场财务管理的方法与对策

国有林场是我国的林业不可缺少的组成部分，它不仅担任着我国的后备森林资源的开发和培育工作，还要立足于我国生态环境的可持续发展战略。可见它在我国的林业建设中发挥着主体作用。本文主要根据我国目前林场财务管理存在的问题，进行新时期下强化国有林场财务管理方法与对策的探讨。     

黑龙江省国有林场综合效益评价体系的构建

国有林场在保护和发展林业资源,发挥林业的多种功能和多种效益方面发挥着重要的作用。国有林场综合效益的逐步提高不但对林业的发展,而且对整个国家的国民经济都会有深远意义,所以要构建国有林场综合效益评价体系。文章以黑龙江省国有林场的地区性特征为主要研究对象,以黑龙江省国有林场综合效益为研究目标,在综合效益中包含生态效益、经济效益、社会效益三个指标,作为一级指标层,同时,把上述三个指标继续分解成二级指标层及三级指标层,构成了整个黑龙江省国有林场综合效益评价体系,使黑龙江省国有林场综合效益的评价更具有理想效果。     

黑龙江省国有林场综合经济效益评价体系研究

国有林场是培育和保护森林资源,发挥森林多功能、多效益作用的实体,为国民经济建设提供木材及种类繁多的林产品,并保证森林生态效益得以实现。林业企业的发展直接影响到自身乃至国家和民族的和谐而持续的发展。林业企业综合效益的提高对国有林区乃至我国林业的发展具有很大的作用,文章以黑龙江省国有林场作为研究对象,建立国有林场综合效益指标,并进行分析与评价,为国有林场综合效益评价提供依据。     

黑龙江省大力发展林业经济策略分析

由于林业资源可利用周期长，可利用资源面临枯竭等因素导致林业整体经济快速下滑。发展林业经济，增加林业附加值，改善林业经济局面势在必行。文章介绍了林业经济的意义，指出了林业经济的发展应该以国有林场为主力，注重林业经济发展。     

如何搞好林场的林业分类经营

近几年来，在实现造林绿化后，部分林场不能很快转到高效林业方向上来，从而造成林场效益下降，经营风险承受能力降低，经济上面临越来越大的困难。因此，如何搞好林场的林业分类经营，提高商品林经济效益，对生态公益林实施有效的经营和保护成为林场当前生产经营活动中面临的重要问题。     

完善国有林场内部会计控制浅探

内部控制是保证国有林业资产安全与完整的重要措施,而保证会计资料的真实性、合法性,内部会计控制则是内部控制的根本办法.但目前在林场内部会计控制是还存在一些问题需要解决和完善,文章就国有林场内部会计控制失效的原因进行分析,对完善林场内部会计控制进行探讨.     

最赋有生机的板块——浅论非公有制林业的发展

党的十一届三中全会以来，随着黑龙江省委、省政府《关于十二年绿化黑龙江大地决定》的出台，全省加快造林绿化步伐，并因势利导，制定了一些优惠政策，打破了所有制界限，积极鼓励和发展非公有制林业，全省涌现出一大批小林场、小果园、小苗圃等五小私营企业。采取承包、租赁、独资、联营以及拍卖经营权等形势不断吸引农民、个体业者、企业家和外商等投资林业。     

略论新时期美国的农村经济政策

新时期,美国的农村经济发生了巨大变化,单纯的农业补贴已无助于提高美国农村经济的竞争力,必须制定一个有效的、超越农业政策的、能应对21世纪挑战的农村经济政策.在分析新时期美国农村经济面临的困境及发展机会的基础上,指出了当前美国农村经济政策存在的主要问题,总结了部分美国经济学家给出的新时期美国农村经济发展的出路.     

The economic consequences of substituting carbon payments for crop subsidies in U.S. agriculture

There is a growing body of literature on the costs of sequestering carbon. However, no studies have examined the interplay between farm commodity programs and carbon sequestration programs. This study investigates two dimensions of the interaction between farm commodity programs and afforestation programs, using a price-endogenous sector model of agriculture in the United States. First, this study compares the fiscal and welfare costs of achieving specific carbon targets through afforestation, with and without current farm programs. Second, it examines the welfare, fiscal, and carbon consequences of replacing existing farm subsidies, wholly or in part, with payments for carbon. Two approaches, Hicksian and Marshallian, are investigated. In the first, the sector model is used to quantify the carbon consequences and fiscal costs associated with various combinations of farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that leave consumers and producers in the U.S. agricultural sector no worse off than under existing farm programs. The second approach focuses on the carbon and welfare consequences of various farm commodity and carbon sequestration programs that hold total program fiscal costs constant at current levels. Althouth the methodology and data are applied to the United States, the issues addressed are common in a number of developed nations, particularly within the European Union (EU). Adapting existing sector models in these nations to perform similar analyses would provide policy makers with more precise information about the nature of the trade-offs involved with second-best policies for replacing farm commodity subsidies with tree planting subsidies.The research reported in this paper was partially funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under contract number 68W90077. It does not reflect the official position of that agency. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement.     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

风电场运行经济性综合评价方法

由于风力发电行业本身的特点和风电场运行管理的特殊性，任何单一的评价指标都难以对风电场运行经济性进行全面、完整、综合、客观的反映。本文采用层次分析法提出了风电场运行经济性综合评价方法。运用这种方法可以对风电场的发电情况、无功耗用情况、运行费用及人员效率情况等几个风电场运行经济性评价应考查的主要方面进行综合评价。     

Economic Impacts of Multiple Agro-Environmental Policies on New Zealand Land Use

This paper investigates the implications of policy on farm income, land use, and the environment when New Zealand landowners face multiple environmental constraints. It also looks at the interaction between climate and nutrient reduction policy and the extent to which one policy can be used to meet the other’s objectives. We use a non-linear, partial equilibrium mathematical programming model of New Zealand land use to assess the economic impacts of climate and water policies at the New Zealand territorial authority level. The spatially explicit agro-environmental economic model estimates changes in land use, agricultural output, land management, and environmental impacts. The policies investigated include a range of carbon prices on land-based emissions ($0–30/tCO\(_{2\mathrm{e}}\)) as well a range of prices on nitrogen leaching from diffuse sources ($0–30/kgN). We estimate that implementing stand-alone greenhouse gas and nutrient emissions reduction policies for the agricultural and forestry sectors will create environmental benefits outside the scope of the policy. However, not all environmental outputs improve, and net farm revenue declines by between 0 and 11%. Simultaneously implementing the two policies results in the desired goals of reductions in nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions with a marginal economic burden on landowners (i.e. 1–2% additional loss in farm profit relative to a stand-alone policy).     

U.S. farm dynamics and the distribution of U.S. agricultural subsidies

The persistent instability of the agricultural sector is the fundamental premise of most agricultural policy. Yet no research has ever quantified the aggregate dynamics of individual farms in the US. This article is the first to combine the US Census of Agriculture with the Agricultural Resource Management Survey to observe the dynamics of nearly 1.5 million farms. The data reveal substantial variation in farm size expansion and contraction. Most of this variation is unobservable in the sector totals reported by the US Department of Agriculture each year. The distribution of agricultural subsidies suggests that subsidies become more important as farms get smaller and may play a role in slowing farm size contraction.     

论中国农产品出口的区域结构与对策

20世纪90年代以来,中国农产品出口贸易增长趋缓。本文在对中国农产品区域贸易统计数据以及相关政策背景实证分析的基础上,从贸易集中度的角度辨识中国农产品贸易发展的出口区域结构与政策含义。     

Effects of fiscal policies on US agriculture

According to the macro rational expectation (MRE) hypothesis, only unanticipated macroeconomic policy has impacts on real economic variables, and anticipated policy changes have no real impacts. This study analysis the effects of the anticipated and unanticipated components of fiscal policy on the US farm real GNP by testing the neutrality and rationality propositions of the MRE hypothesis. The test results show that both the rationality and neutrality propositions are rejected. The empirical findings indicate that the anticipated fiscal policy does have significant effects on farm output. Examination of a specific sector sheds light on the nature of the market and helps ascertain the resons for the non-neutrality.     

建立农林复合生态系统是东北国有林区治危兴林的重要途径

我国东北国有林区正面临着森林资源危机和林业企业经济危困的局面。采取何种措施治理两危已成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文通过对九公里多种经营场的调查,认为建立农林复合生态系统是实现治危兴林的重要途径之一。     

The Australia — New Zealand Farm Problem and the Appropriate Role of Government

Almost throughout the world, farm incomes tend to be low and unstable compared with incomes in other industries, except where heavily subsidised. This instability has become all the more serious because fluctuations have been around a long-term downward trend in the fortunes of agriculture which commenced probably prior to World War I. The long-run world-wide farm problem is an inevitable consequence of economic growth, which results in a surplus of farmers, and especially of small farmers. We must recognise the quite intractable nature of the long-term world-wide component of the problem, as distinct from what can be blamed on our governments, and on the short-term to medium-term world market situation. Temporary assistance policy should centre on facilitating adjustment. The ad hoc, inefficient and inequitable palliatives of the past should be avoided. Short-term assistance should be consistent with longer term objectives for industry development: it should not include output-based subsidies that encourage continued overproduction and usually provide most assistance to those in least need. The emphasis should be on welfare-type assistance based on the individual rather than industry-wide aid.