国际贸易中涉外贴牌生产中的商标侵权问题研究

我国涉外贴牌生产中围绕贴牌商标的"侵权"问题已经产生了不少的法律纠纷和诉讼。但是对此我国并没有明确的司法解释,法院的判决也相互冲突。根据侵权行为构成的法理分析、《商标法》第52条中商标使用的分析和利益衡量原则,涉外贴牌生产企业的贴牌行为不应视为商标侵权行为。     

Cheese trademarks: Italian dairy firms’ practices during the 20th century

Abstract

Trademarks have recently become a very useful source for business historians. This longitudinal analysis of the twentieth-century trademarking activities of the most important Italian dairy firms of the era, namely Galbani, Invernizzi and Locatelli, demonstrates that trademarks were used both as a protective weapon against competitors and as an innovation carrier to open up new markets. This article also argues that trademark registrations had another dual purpose – not only were they used as buffers against negative shocks but they were also used to support periods of economic growth. A fundamental finding of this work is that trademarks, across various types of registrations, were closely connected to the features on which the companies based their sales strategies.     

“联系说”视角下商标俗称抢注案的法律思考

商标权的客体为相关公众所认知的商标与商标所标识的商品或服务之间的联系,以此为基础可以认定商标俗称的抢注构成对商标权的侵犯,同时,商标俗称可以被认定为近似商标的一种形式,从而适用《商标法》第52条的规定。此外,在商标俗称的问题上,不能适用法律对驰名商标的特殊保护。     

从Google被词典收录再谈驰名商标淡化问题

随着经济全球化进程的加快,进一步加强对驰名商标的保护已成当务之急。驰名商标淡化是近年来国内外较为常见的一种特殊商标侵权行为,它减少、削弱驰名商标的识别性和显著性。商标淡化不仅侵害了驰名商标权利人的合法权益,而且扰乱了市场竞争秩序,是各国立法普遍予以规制的对象。     

商标侵权行为的新认定

在认定销售侵犯注册商标专用权商品行为的归责原则和反向假冒行为性质的问题上,一直存在着争议。而新出台的《商标法》将这两个问题给予立法上的明确化,使得商标权人的合法权益得到了更加有利的保障。由此在对不同见解的分析中,寻求了立法选择的依据。     

Problems and Issues with the Domain Name System: A Review of Fortune 100 Companies

ABSTRACT

Domain names are a very important component of the Internet. The regulations and standards governing the registration of domain names have evolved over the past decade. Although various laws have been passed to protect businesses and organizations, this paper examines the effectiveness of such actions. A sample of Fortune 100 companies was examined to determine who had ownership of the top-level domain (.com, .net, .org, .biz) associated with their corporate second-level domain (e.g., walmart, intel). A summary and discussion of the findings are presented.     

To Earnestly Protect the Exclusive Right to Use a Registered Trademark and to Promote the Economic Development

State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) decided to launch the campaign to better protect the exclusive right to use a registered trademark and released "Action Plan for the Campaign of Protection of the Exclusive Right to Use a Registered Trademark".     

论商标平行进口问题对我国国际贸易的影响

商标平行进口问题一直争议较大 ,在我国情况也是如此。随着我国对外开放的深入和加入世界贸易组织后 ,及实践中这类案件发生呈上升趋势的形势 ,这一问题越来越引起人们的关注。对商标平行进口问题及对我国国际贸易的影响进行分析 ,提出以“原则上禁止商标平行进口行为的同时 ,一定条件下例外地允许平行进口。”为指导完善我国相关法律的建议。     

我国驰名商标反淡化的问题及完善对策

我国《商标法》第十三条并没有提及“淡化”两字,但结合法释〔2009〕3号《最高人民法院关于审理涉及驰名商标保护的民事纠纷案件应用法律若干问题的解释》第九条的规定,人们认为商标法第十三条第三款是对淡化的规定,但这样使得混淆和淡化在现有的法律依据下很难区分。在商品经济飞速发展的现在,有必要在法律条文和体系上对混淆和淡化做出区分,对于商标反淡化适用的范围进行确定,才能对商标权进行新观念上的全面、系统的保护。     

Cases of Trademark Examination and Review/Adjudication

Trademark "CAREFUL" The Ruian City Kangfuya Health Products Co., Ltd. in Zhejiang Province filed, on 25 September 1996, an application for registration of the trademark "CAREFUL" (see Fig. 1) on goods in class 5 of the International Classification, "toilet napkins, disposable underpants and diapers for incontinence of urine".     

Distorted competition: Below-cost legislation, ‘marges arrière’ and prices in French retailing

Abstract

The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the French Galland Act, outlawing below-cost resale via new and more severe invoicing regulation, has reduced the intensity of price competition among retailers in relation to branded goods. Moreover, the reduced intensity of price competition in the retail industry has encouraged a lessening of competition among the manufacturers of major industrial brands. Together, these two effects have sown the seeds of a sustained increase in the price of major brands, accentuating retail competition based more on differentiation than on price. These sustained policies have favoured the development of retailer brands and of hard discount stores and finally encouraged new types of reactions from major retailers and leading manufacturers, such as new types of promotions circumventing the Galland Act and a more intense lobbying activity in order to reform it.     

Five trademark law strategies for managing brands

This installment of BUSINESS LAW & ETHICS CORNER offers business professionals a selection of five trademark law strategies for more effectively protecting and managing brand names. The legal strategies profiled herein introduce readers to a variety of trademark issues that are often overlooked in the management and protection of brand names, even by sophisticated and savvy business people.     

商标权国际担保融资法律适用研究

商标是企业品牌战略的核心和载体,是企业的重要无形资产。在企业的国际化发展中,企业可以利用商标权进行担保融资。商标权的国际担保融资是一个涉外民商事行为,由于各国担保制度的差异,因此需要根据具体情形确定法律适用,并依据准据法的规定完成融资担保的创设和实现。     

TR IPS协定下拒绝商标注册的理由——兼评我国的义务履行

TR IPS协定与所纳入的巴黎公约文本条款中包含了成员可以拒绝商标注册的多种理由。综合拨款法案进一步确定了成员以国内法上的理由拒绝履行商标注册义务的适用条件。相比于TRIPS协定义务的要求,我国在商标立法中可以更加灵活地设置拒绝商标注册的理由。     

A Tax Perspective of Professional Services Marketing: The Acquisition of Customer Based Intangibles

ABSTRACT

The present study attempts to discuss: (1) how the allocation of the purchase price to individual assets affects the after-tax cost of acquiring a professional services marketer; (2) define the “customer based intangibles” affected by the Supreme Court ruling; (3) discuss the tax conflict between goodwill and customer based intangibles; (4) review the recent Supreme Court ruling and set forth the tests and conditions which must be met in order to gain a deduction; and (5) discuss the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 and its impact on acquisition of customer based intangibles after August 10, 1993. In addition, the present study will discuss the environmental implications of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 will have on the professional services marketing sector.     

我国涉外定牌加工商标侵权司法认定之演进及反思

涉外定牌加工行为是否构成商标侵权在国际条约和我国国内法上没有直接的规定。我国司法机关早期以商标权地域性为基础,认为受托方加工相同产品、贴附相同商标并交付至境外的行为构成商标侵权,后来逐渐转变态度,认定受托方的行为属于“非商标使用”,不构成商标侵权。“非商标使用”虽然为认定受托方不构成商标侵权提供了理论便利,但与常识相悖,也难以自洽。在面对日益复杂的涉外定牌加工案件时,以该理论全面替代混淆性判断,无法精细平衡涉外定牌加工委托方和商标权人之间的利益。我国法院近年考察涉外定牌加工受托方的必要审查注意义务,则是将涉外定牌加工受托方定位为商标侵权的帮助者,这与其倡导的“非商标使用”思路自相矛盾,进一步导致法律适用的混乱。应限制“非商标使用”理论的适用,回归传统的商标侵权认定。     

商标平行进口法律问题研究

商标平行进口是一个与知识产权有关的国际贸易问题。在考察国际商标平行进口理论与实践的发展状况的基础上,针对我国国情提出中国宜以"原则上禁止商标平行进口,一定条件下例外允许平行进口。"为指导完善我国相关法律的建议。     

Construct heterogeneity and proliferation in advertising research

Abstract

This paper presents results from a study of measurement practice in leading advertising journals. The focus is on heterogeneity in measurement operationalizations of the same construct and construct proliferation (i.e. when constructs have different names but overlapping content). These issues were addressed by analyzing the measurement operationalizations in all articles published in three leading advertising journals between 2012 and 2014. Results show considerable heterogeneity in the operationalizations of three common advertising constructs (ad credibility, ad irritation and perceived humour) for which almost every study used a unique operationalization. Results also show considerable construct proliferation as different names were used for the same constructs and there was overlap in the operationalizations of several advertising constructs. The paper offers a discussion of implications for advertising research and suggests steps that can be taken towards improving measurement practice.     

Relational Perspectives of Perceived Service Quality in the Online and Offline Environments: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Today, service quality is a major driver enhancing and consolidating the relationship between consumers and their service providers. The diversity of research in this context revealed a gap between empirical results which investigated the relational consequences of service quality, and showed missing studies that allowed generalizing and specifying the perspectives of the service quality in the relational domain. So, this research suggests a Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM) to validate a synthetic model integrating perceived quality, satisfaction and loyalty. It is based on 43 recent academic research derived from 22 countries. The results validated the meta-analytic structural model and showed that the service environment moderates causal links between perceived quality, satisfaction and loyalty.