Specialization dynamics

This paper proposes a new empirical framework for analyzing specialization dynamics. A country’s pattern of specialization is viewed as a distribution across sectors, and statistical techniques for analyzing the evolution of this entire distribution are employed. The empirical framework is implemented using data on 20 industries in seven OECD countries since 1970. We find substantial mobility in patterns of specialization. Over time horizons of 5 years, this is largely explained by forces common across countries, including world prices and common changes in technical efficiency. Over longer time horizons, country-specific changes in factor endowments become more important. There is no evidence of an increase in countries’ overall degree of specialization.     

国际产品内分工与进出口贸易——基于我国工业行业面板数据的经验研究

在经济全球化兴起和科技迅猛发展的大背景下,以国际产品内分工为基础的中间品贸易日益盛行,并成为当今国际贸易领域的重要特征之一。本文分年度、分行业地测算了连续14年我国工业行业参与国际产品内分工的程度,并实证研究了其对我国进出口贸易的影响。结论是:近十余年来,国际产品内分工有力地促进了我国工业各行业进出口贸易额的增长;同时,垂直专业化比重(VSS)的上升也在一定程度上推动了我国工业行业贸易顺差的增长。     

Neither bad apple nor bad barrel: how the societal context impacts unethical behavior in organizations

Every time another corporate scandal captures media headlines, the ‘bad apple vs. bad barrel’ discussion starts anew. Yet this debate overlooks the influence of the broader societal context on organizational behavior. In this article, we argue that misbehaviors of organizations (the ‘barrels’) and their members (the ‘apples’) cannot be addressed properly without a clear understanding of their broader context (the ‘larder’). Whereas previously, a strong societal framework dampened the practical application of the Homo economicus concept (business actors as perfectly rational and egocentric utility‐maximizing agents without any moral concern), specialization, individualization and globalization led to a business world disembedded from broader societal norms. This emancipated business world promotes a literal interpretation of Homo economicus among business organizations and their members. Consequently, we argue that the first step toward ‘healthier’ apples and barrels is to sanitize the larder, that is, adapt the framework in which organizations and their members evolve.     

产业内贸易与垂直专业化贸易比较及启示

二战以后,产业内贸易成为国际贸易主流,与此同时,在经济全球化背景下垂直专业化贸易也迅速发展起来.从理论上分析,这两种贸易形式产生、发展的基础和动因既有相同点又有区别.两种贸易形式存在密切关系,二者均以跨国公司为主体,并且垂直专业化构成产业内贸易的另一重要起因.文章对两种贸易形式的发展趋势、理论基础、相互关系进行了分析、比较,并在此基础上提出我国参与国际分工与贸易的相关启示.     

产品内分工视角下的产业升级——基于中国玩具出口的经验研究

经济全球化背景下的产品内分工以及由此形成的国际贸易模式能够实现全球的资源优化配置,从而有助于世界福利水平的提高。但对于不同的国家而言,由于分工中嵌入的价值链的位置不同,其收益情况也不一样。同时,这样的分工模式会形成并加大不同参与国的技术差距,进一步固化本土产业结构的升级。本文借鉴内生经济增长模型并结合“蛙跳”理论,分析了产品内分工框架下的代工模式所造成的中国产业升级困境,研究表明产品内分工模式下中国产业升级面临两难选择,自主技术创新可以突破困境,实现产业升级。     

Persistent real exchange rates

Over the past decades, product market deregulation has typically preceded labor market reforms in OECD countries. This paper incorporates labor market rigidities in a model of footloose capital in order to study how globalization might affect the trade-offs generated by labor market regulation and put pressure on labor market institutions. In this two-sector model, globalization ultimately reduces labor market rigidities through either one of two channels: capital mobility triggers a re-allocation of resources, which trade integration amplifies, away from the high-rent / highly-unionized sector; the threat of costly relocations encourages labor market deregulation. The latter channel is more efficient because it avoids sub-optimal sectoral specialization.     

Export diversification,specialisation and inequality: Evidence from Asian and Western countries

This paper examines the dynamic effect of globalization at the disaggregated level of sectoral export diversification and manufacturing specialization on income inequality using a panel data set of 52 Asian and Western countries from 1988 to 2014. The paper uses dynamic panel data models applying the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations that provide more accurate and better results than those obtained with static panel data models. The results suggest that there is no statistically significant relationship between manufacturing specialization and inequality while sectoral export diversification has been the driving force of inequality. For sub-groups of countries, higher sectoral export diversification increases inequality and higher manufacturing specialization decreases inequality in high-income Asian countries and European Union (EU) member states. Moreover, the study finds insignificant effects in low-income Asian countries and Anglo-Saxon countries.     

金融危机下国际生产体系对全球贸易的冲击及福利影响

从国际生产和世界贸易两个层面分析并测算了当今世界生产和贸易的最新特点和进展,揭示了两大体系的紧密联系。在外部需求下降的情况下,垂直专业化生产对国际贸易尤其是中间产品贸易造成了负面影响,金融危机通过垂直的国际生产格局对国际贸易的破坏作用放大了。由于供应链的断裂会造成价值链上多个国家进出口贸易的下降,并对深层次参与垂直专业化生产的发展中国家和发达国家的福利造成损失。     

产业垂直专业化的驱动因素研究——基于中国高技术产业的实证检验

在构建一个理论分析框架的基础上,提出垂直专业化驱动因素的四个重要假说,并选取中国高技术产业1995—2008年三位数行业的面板数据,运用动态面板的GMM方法进行实证检验,结果发现:资本密集度、外向度和市场规模是影响中国高技术产业垂直专业化的重要因素;中国市场化改革所导致的交易费用下降驱动着高技术产业垂直专业化程度的不断深化;各驱动因素对垂直专业化的贡献可能存在着行业差异性。     

Understanding the evolution of world business cycles

This paper studies the changes in world business cycles during the period 1960–2003. We employ a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model to estimate common and country-specific components in the main macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) of the G-7 countries. We then quantify the relative importance of the common and country components in explaining comovement in each observable aggregate over three distinct time periods: the Bretton Woods (BW) period (1960:1–1972:2), the period of common shocks (1972:3–1986:2), and the globalization period (1986:3–2003:4). The results indicate that the common (G-7) factor explains, on average, a larger fraction of output, consumption and investment volatility in the globalization period than it does in the BW period.     

产品内分工对当代国际贸易发展的影响分析

在经济全球化浪潮不断推进的过程中,信息技术的进步与贸易及投资自由化的进展使得全球产业分工深化到特定产品生产流程所包含的生产区段或工序层次,即产品内分工。这种全球产业分工的新模式在微观层面体现为跨国公司国际生产组织方式的调整,即企业价值链在全球范围内的广泛分解。在宏观层面体现为不同国家在特定产品的生产流程中的序贯联系日益加强。产品内分工的盛行对当代国际贸易发展产生了深远的影响:一是对传统的国际分工和贸易理论提出了挑战,并拓展了比较优势的内涵;二是为解读当代国际贸易的集约化增长提供了新的视角;三是导致了国际贸易流动性质上的变化。     

全球价值链理论研究述评

20世纪80年代以来,伴随经济全球化的发展,以前完全由一家企业单独生产的产品,现在可能被切割成许多不同的价值环节,由遍布全球、成千上万家企业同时协作生产。基于价值环节在企业之间分割、组合及其在全球布局的现象,理论研究者提出了全球价值链的概念和相关理论,涌现了大量相关文献,本文试图对这些研究的演化及发展进行归纳、比较和总结,对其主要结论进行评述。     

Globalization and economic development

A feature of the continuing integration of the world economy is the globalization of production and the consequent rise of trade in parts and components. Products are more internationalized and less identified with any particular country. Non-trivial shares of the value-added of many exports consist of imports and vice versa. Extension of the international division of labour beyond finished products offers developing countries a broader range of choices for industrialization. This paper explores the implications of these developments in the context of a standard trade model. Component specialization in a developing country's import sector is shown to be superior in overall welfare terms to specialization in the integrated product. Output and employment are higher in the sector, but the wage-rental ratio is lower.     

垂直专业化与我国制造业技术进步

以Hummels et al.(2001)的测算方法为基础,利用OECD提供的我国1995-2005年的投入产出表,测算了我国制造业的国际垂直化水平,并用行业面板数据考察了垂直专业分工对技术进步的影响。研究结果表明:垂直专业化通过专业化分工、中间产品贸易、人才流动和产业链的上下游关联效应,对制造业技术进步有明显的促进作用。分组回归结果表明:垂直专业化对技术进步的影响在技术水平、行业集中度与出口依存度等行业分组指标下存在明显的区别。     

生产者服务业对制造业的贡献和拉动作用——基于合肥市的实证研究

随着经济全球化和国际产业专业化分工的发展,现代服务业特别是生产者服务业逐渐成为现代经济体中增长最为迅速和最具有活力的产业之一,其对制造业的贡献和拉动作用也愈发明显.基于合肥市生产者服务业对制造业贡献和拉动作用的实证分析,提出相应政策建议:合肥市应该大力发展物流服务业,全力发展商务服务业,加快发展金融服务业,进而形成发达的生产者服务业,全力打造中部地区现代制造业基地.     

A global market advantage framework: the role of global market knowledge competencies

The globalization forces engender companies to develop a new set of competencies that would enable the generation of abnormal returns in the global marketplace. This article reviews the extant literature regarding the effect of globalization on organizations and develops a conceptual framework that underlines the importance of knowledge management competencies in creating global market advantage. The knowledge management competencies consist of global customer, competitor and supplier knowledge development, inter-functional coordination and value chain coordination. The relationship between global market knowledge competencies and global market advantage is partially mediated by company's responsiveness. Global market advantage is positively associated with company's strategic and financial performance.     

Global Strategy in the Internet Era

This article examines the joint effects on business strategy of the Internet and globalization. It develops a framework for evaluating how the Internet affects the globalization potential of individual industries and the global strategies that companies should adopt. The impact of the Internet will not be uniform. Not only do its direct effects vary from one industry to another, but also it speeds up globalization at different rates in different industries. The article shows how to use the Internet to support five types of global strategy: market participation, products and services, activity location, marketing, and competitive moves.     

Think globally,act locally

This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of globalization and global mindset. Globalization is a phenomenon that permeated the entire human life on a worldwide basis: from the level of the individual to the world level. Technology, and especially Information Technology (IT), i.e., the combination of computers and telecommunications, made globalization feasible, while liberalization of the world's commercial and political regimes made it reality. The implications for business enterprises, and, for that matter, for any organized effort aimed at satisfying human needs, are indeed immense. The proposed framework calls for the development of people who (1) think globally and (2) act locally. These people see the entire world as their oyster and are able to adapt their global thinking to the local contexts. Neither of these attributes are innate to most people. Both are acquired attributes. Most of us can learn to think globally and act locally. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

农业示范区经济发展:新兴古典框架下的重新审视——以杨凌为例的实证分析

本文在新兴古典经济学的框架下,从分工和专业化的角度探索了农业示范区经济增长的内在动力机制。就数理分析结果,以杨凌国家农业高新技术产业示范区的实际发展为例,运用其相关数据进行经验检验。结果表明,示范区内的交易条件、交易效率以及生产专业化程度等和农民收入水平高度正相关,从这些方面着手改善经济环境,才能为农业示范区经济的持续发展提供不竭的动力。最后在总结的基础上提出了一些政策建议和进一步研究的方向。     

A Ricardian model of market sharing

The latest generation of multi-sectoral trade models has abandoned the conventional strategy that regards the similarly named exports of different countries as homogeneous products. Armington's assumption, that the products of different countries compete as imperfect substitutes, has become the theoretical rationale for an alternative, heterogeneous modeling procedure. This paper describes some problems with the assumption and develops a more rigorous framework for the heterogeneous strategy. The processes that lead to heterogeneity in trade are modeled explicitly: comparative advantage theory is applied at a sub-sectoral level to explain the detailed structure of international specialization. Implications of the new framework for empirical estimation are also explored.