劳动力国际流动原因的研究综述

对于劳动力国际流动的大规模分析研究,大概可以追溯到19世纪,从那时起,一批学者试图从劳动力国际流动的现象中解释大量移民流产生和波动的原因,并讨论了影响长期和近代国际移民趋势的诸多因素;而另一批学者试图从理论角度分析这种劳动力流动的原因。作为劳动力国际流动原因的研究综述,要以两派学者的研究角度进行分析,首先介绍一批学者从劳动力国际流动现象中得出的结论,再介绍另一批学者理论研究的成果和新发展,最后总结研究劳动力国际流动原因的分析框架,并提出展望。     

劳动力流动替代资本流动的辨析与展望

在一国内部由于劳动力流动具有便利性和广泛性,限制了发达地区产业过度集聚后劳动力成本的升幅,导致由发达地区向欠发达地区进行的产业转移(资本流动)被抑制.文章回顾了近年来我国东部沿海地区制造业劳动力成本的相对变化幅度,发现无论与中西部地区还是和其他行业相比,其增速都明显偏慢.在此基础上,文章对"民工荒"、出口转冷等新背景下我国东部劳动力密集型产业资本西进的新态势进行了展望,提出内需市场的充分启动是中西部地区大规模承接东部资本转移的重要前提.     

对劳动力流动的几点思考——以浙江为实证

随着我国国民经济的快速发展,工业化和城市化步伐将进一步加快,随之而来的可能是农村劳动力流动进一步加速。因此,重视对劳动力流动过程中的进城务工人员管理工作,建立一定的管理工作机制,完善相应的管理政策,切实维护进城务工人员的合法权益,既能为我国的经济社会发展提供足够的劳动力资本,又能为和谐社会建设奠定坚实的基础。一、国内外专家有关劳动力流动理论的研究概况国内外学者大多从发展经济学、人口学、地理学等角度对农村剩余劳动力转移理论进行了大量研究,这些理论研究向我们揭示了农村剩余劳动力流动的客观规律性。(一)国外学者…     

劳动力流动与就业问题研究

我国幅员辽阔,各地发展的差异性特征显著,导致劳动力流动性较大、人力资源分布不平衡.根据第六次全国人口普查的结果显示,我国劳动力的流动规模具有不断扩大的趋势.本文基于对我国劳动力流动现状以及劳动力流动与就业关系的分析,研究如何通过有效措施促使劳动力流动发生对就业实现的积极作用,最终推动经济与社会的良性发展.     

中国农村女性劳动力流动研究综述

近年来,中国农村劳动力流动问题已成为世人瞩目的社会热点,大量的研究文献表明,农村劳动力流动是解决发展中国家农村剩余劳动力问题的有效途径,亦是发展中国家走向现代化和工业化的必由之路。本文旨在通过对现有关于中国女性劳动力流动的国内外研究进行综述,为缓解我国女性就业压力和促进农村剩余劳动力转移提供政策参考。     

劳动力自由流动原则的经济学基础

劳动力自由流动的经济学基础是利益的产生机制以及如何进行利益大小的比较和权衡。劳动力自由流动的结果是企业方的剩余增加，本地劳动力供给方的剩余减少，增加的福利部分大于减少的部分。只有放开劳动力市场管制，创造劳动力自由流动的条件，才能求得一种基于劳动力市场的“帕累托改善”，实现社会福利的最大化。     

我国劳动力流动视野下养老保险体系的构建

由于我国劳动力的大规模流动，对我国养老保险体系的构建造成了很大的影响。文章分析了当前我国劳动力流动对我国养老保险体系的影响，同时就我国劳动力流动视野下养老保险体系的构建对策进行了探讨。     

农村劳动力流动与城乡收入差距:基于模型的分析

发展理论认为,劳动力转移是缩小城乡收入差距的一种重要机制,但我国却出现了劳动力流动规模不断扩大和城乡收入差距不断扩大并存的现象。文章在认真研究中国转型时期背景和国情的基础上,建立符合我国现实的农村劳动力流动模型,发现由于转移劳动力只能得到其创造财富的较小部分,因而仅有就业转换的农村劳动力转移不仅不能缩小,反而会扩大城乡收入差距。为此,应通过改革城乡二元体制,建立城乡统一的劳动力市场;加大对农村人力资本投资的力度;动员和引导社会资源向农村地区投资等多种措施缩小城乡收入差距。     

国有企业内部劳动力市场的缺陷及其修复

20世纪70年代皮奥里(M.Piore)和多林格(P.Doeringer) 完整地提出了内部劳动力市场理论,在此基础上国外学者进而对企业内部劳动力市场(internal labor market)与整个经济绩效之间关系问题进行了深入的探讨。国内学者对劳动力市场的分割对人力资源配置的影响的研究也取得了一系列成果,但中国二元劳动力市场的运行是不键全的,其弊端集中休现在国有企业内部劳动力市场上,因而探讨国有企业内部劳动力市场的特性及其与绩效的关系对解读国有企业问题有现实意义。     

中国农村劳动力流动的经济学分析——基于完善劳动力市场的视角

基于农村过剩劳动力长期存在的现实,从经济学角度须考虑供求两方面因素:一方面从劳动力需求来看千方百计开辟更多新岗位,解决农村剩余劳动力流向问题;另一方面,从供给来看,加强农民工的人力资源积累,使之匹配就业岗位。农村劳动力供求离不开完善的劳动力市场,且长期来看,劳动力供求必须由劳动力市场调节。文章从构建完善的劳动力市场角度探讨突破劳动力流动的制约因素,顺畅农村劳动力流动渠道,缩小城乡收入差距。     

Labour mobility during transitionEvidence from Georgia1

This article deals with labour mobility in Georgia during economic transition. We use quarterly 1998–99 panel data to examine mobility across six labour market statuses (inactivity, unemployment, formal wage employment, informal wage employment, self‐employment and farming). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of labour market segmentation. Formal employment is preferred to informal employment. Unemployment is largely a queuing device for individuals with higher education waiting for formal jobs. Some self‐employment is subsistence activities and consistent with a segmented labour market, while other is high risk and potentially high return activities. Age, gender and education are significant determinants of labour mobility. Finally, informal employment serves as a buffer in times of recession – with farming and informal wage employment absorbing labour shed by other statuses during the Russian financial crisis.     

Displacement Effects of Active Labour Market Policy: The Youth Labour Market in Finland

In 1994 the number of workers participating in active labour market programmes in Finland was 299,000. On average there where 125,000 workers in these programmes at any one time, the average length of participation in a programme being about 5 months. In relation to the 2.5 million-strong Finnish labour force, these figures are proportionally large. In 1994 the total expenditure on unemployment amounted to 6.7 per cent of GNP of which the share spent on active labour market programmes was about 25 per cent. The study investigates the displacement effects of active labour market programmes in the youth labour market in Finland. The two age groups analysed are 15-19-year-olds and 20-24-year-olds. The results, based on a VAR analysis of quarterly data from the period 1981.1-1995.2, suggest that the displacement effects of job-creation programmes may be substantial. The study cannot, however, provide any robust estimates of the likely size of such displacement effects on youth employment in Finland. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

States and the Political Economy of Unfree Labour

A growing body of academic and policy research seeks to understand and address the problem of contemporary unfree labour. In this article, we argue that this literature could be strengthened by a stronger conceptualization of, and more systematic attention towards, the role of national states. In particular, we argue that there is a need to move beyond simplistic conceptualisations of states as simple agents of regulation and criminal justice enforcement who respond to the problem of unfree labour, and to recognize the causal and multifaceted role that national states play in creating the conditions in which unfree labour can flourish. We propose a framework to understand and compare the ways in which national states shape the political economy of unfree labour. Focusing on the United States, we outline three arenas of governance in which national states have been particularly central to enabling the conditions for unfree labour: the regulation of labour mobility, labour market regulation, and business regulation. We conclude by reflecting on the comparative political economy research that will be required to understand the role of different states in shaping the conditions in which unfree labour thrives or is eliminated.     

Labour Tax Reform, the Good Jobs and the Bad Jobs

We analyse recent proposals to shift the tax burden away from low‐paid labour, assuming a dual labour market where the “good” high‐paying jobs are rationed. A shift in the tax burden from low‐paid to high‐paid workers has an ambiguous effect on the level of aggregate employment while the allocation of aggregate employment is further distorted. Even if the tax reform raises total employment, economic efficiency may be reduced because labour is reallocated from high‐productive to low‐productive jobs. We also find that opportunities for on‐the‐job search have important implications for the policy effects.     

The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Active Labour Market Policies in Poland

Following the predominance of macroeconomic stabilisation policies and passive income support schemes in the first phase of transition, active labour market policies (ALMPs) have now come to play a more important role in transition economies. This paper looks at the Polish experience and provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of ALMPs. We use the Polish Labour Force Survey of August 1994 in combination with its Supplement on the Evaluation of Labour Market Policies together with data on ALMP expenditure at the regional (voivodship) level. The macroeconometric analysis of the relationship between labour market flows and ALMP expenditure shows no significant effects. The microeconometric analysis reveals that ALMPs are not particularly well targeted at the problem groups in the labour market. That is, women and people with basic vocational education do not receive enough attention. As to the effectiveness of ALMPs, the paper shows that former participants cannot expect to find employment more easily than their peers who have been unemployed but have not been in a programme. Subjective evaluations of former participants also suggest that ALMPs, but especially works programmes, have not improved their chances to find a job. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Labour market transitions and unemployment duration: Evidence from Bulgarian and Polish micro-data1

The segmentation of the labour market is one of the most striking characteristics of the transition process in Central and Eastern European countries. Not only do the young, unskilled workers and women face a high risk of unemployment, but joblessness also varies significantly geographically. This paper sheds some light on labour market segmentation in transition countries by analysing individual records of individuals registered at the labour offices of two Polish regions (Warsaw and Ciechanov and two Bulgarian regions (Sofia and Botevgrad) over the initial three to four years of the transition to a market economy. The empirical results confirm the existence of highly selective firing and hiring processes in the Polish and Bulgarian labour markets. Overall, unskilled or poorly educated workers have the highest probability of becoming unemployed and remaining without a job for a long period of time. We also analysed the determinants of unemployment duration across regions and over time using a piece-wise constant hazard model with multiple destinations, i.e. employment and exit from the labour force. The results suggest that the unemployed with a high education and previous experience in the private sector have a higher probability of getting a new job, especially in the more dynamic labour markets, while those without previous work experience tend to stay unemployed for a longer period of time and often leave the labour market. The econometric results also suggest that the reforms of the unemployment benefit systems have produced important effects on unemployment flows.     

Second‐Generation Immigrants in the Swedish Labour Market

This study focuses on the labour market performance among second‐generation immigrants in Sweden. One motivation behind the analysis is that it gives insight into the long‐term consequences of immigration. Labour market performance relates the probability of having a job, referred to here as a threshold effect and to the differences in income from work, given that a person is in the market and is referred to as an income from work effect. We have shown that a clear threshold effect of being a second‐generation immigrant exists and that different groups of second‐generation immigrants perform differently in the Swedish labour market.     

Measuring Labour Services: Quality‐Adjusting the Entry and Exit of Workers

Many statistical agencies use the sum of hours worked when measuring labour services. This implies that all workers provide work of equal quality. Various indices for adjusting for labour quality have been employed in a large body of literature. However, this literature has not yet addressed the issue of how to quality‐adjust the impact of workers entering and exiting the labour market. We outline a theoretical framework for dealing with quality adjustment of labour services caused by workers entering and exiting employment. To illustrate the theoretical framework, we use the case of Norway in the period 1997–2013. The impact on labour services due to our quality adjustment of net entry is found to be cyclical. While the adjustment for the quality of net entry amounts to about −0.3 percentage points annually during expansions, it is offset by about the same magnitude during contractions.     

The Rise of Finance and the Decline of Organised Labour in the Advanced Capitalist Countries

The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of finance and corporate governance reforms on organised labour since 1980. The argument is made that contemporary institutional and ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ as well as ‘Varieties of Unionism’ perspectives on labour market reform have overstated the power of states, institutions and organised interests in deflecting global economic pressures. Drawing on a range of recent Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) statistics and qualitative studies, it is claimed that current developments in finance and corporate governance mark a fundamental break with post-war developments. Capital has reasserted its power over organised labour and labour markets not only in the US and UK, but throughout Western Europe as well. In assessing how far this reversal has gone, the article focuses on three key political economic changes: i) the rise in finance and adoption of corporate ‘shareholder’ systems; ii) the expansion of mergers and acquisitions and their negative effects on unionisation and manufacturing jobs; and iii) the effects of financial pressures and corporate reform on collective bargaining and wages. This is the first study to report on comparative changes and qualitative reforms to both finance and labour in 13 OECD countries between 1980 and 2005.     

From Labour Market Institutions to an Alternative Model of Labour Markets

This post-disciplinary article goes beyond orthodox labour economics and combines insights from the ‘socio-economics of labour markets’ (SELM), and critical realism (CR), to develop a SELM^CR perspective, which is then used to create an alternative conception of labour market institutions and an alternative model of labour markets, i.e. the SELM^CR model.