Emerging technologies in emerging markets: Introduction to the special section

Emerging technologies have significant implications and profound consequences for firms, markets, government policy, and society as a whole. In emerging markets, however, social uncertainties are as important as technological and market uncertainties, and moreover are somewhat more complex. The papers in this special section offer views of how these important social uncertainties can be considered concurrently with technological and market uncertainties, particularly because they play a relatively larger role in emerging markets than in more advanced markets.     

Managing technological and social uncertainties of innovation: The evolution of Brazilian energy and agriculture

This paper explores how technological, commercial and social uncertainties shaped the development of Brazilian biofuels. Technological innovation allowed the country to emerge as a global leader, but Brazil continues to struggle with major social uncertainties due to poverty and environmental concerns common in many emerging economies. Contemporary approaches to development within the innovation literature focus primarily on overcoming technological and commercial uncertainties, but only peripherally explore social uncertainties. To fill this void, we draw on Martin and Hall's framework for managing innovative uncertainties, which is based on Kuhn and Popper's approaches to the evolution and methodology of science, and extend it with Aldrich and Fiol's concept of cognitive versus socio-political legitimacy. Based on qualitative data collected in Brazil, we outline the evolution of automotive fuel ethanol and flex-fuel technology, the development of Brazilian soybean production, and castor for socially inclusive biodiesel production. We show how innovation solved some technological and commercial uncertainties and generated new opportunities, but also created additional social uncertainties that are now being addressed. Through this process, Brazil has acquired capabilities in alternative energy technologies and more sustainable agriculture, becoming an exemplar for other emerging economies. We conclude with implications for policy and industry.     

大数据时代美国企业与学术界创新研究述评

创新成为大数据时代企业与社会发展的共同选择。以世界顶级学术期刊《哈佛商业评论》近12年发表的美国企业创新文献为研究对象，运用文献回顾法，从创新概念与类型、创新模式、创新研究视角、创新原则、创新影响因素、创新研究方法等方面进行了深入分析，总结并归纳了研究特点与规律，可为大数据时代背景下中国创新研究、企业创新发展提供借鉴与启示。     

SUBSTITUTION AND COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CREATION AND COMMUNICATION OF AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH*

The generation of research is one of the major functions of the university sector. In most disciplines, journal articles continue to be the main outlet for the communication of research findings. However, in Australia, government induced distortions have rewarded refereed conference papers an equal status to refereed journal papers. The aim of this paper is to explore the association between research published in journals and research published in conference proceedings. We use a panel dataset of the research output of 36 Australian universities, for the period 1995–2004. Cobb‐Douglas research production functions are estimated, as well as a system of research production functions that allows for simultaneity. The results indicate that journals and conferences are contemporaneous substitutes – an expansion in conference publications displaces journal publications. There is also a ‘DEST effect’. On average, conference papers are not converted into subsequent journal papers. The DEST effect is found also through analysis of the publication histories of 152 business and law academics. Postgraduate enrolments are shown to contribute only to conferences and have no effect on journal publications. Research income has a positive effect on both conferences and journal publications.     

Contributions to financial crisis research: an assessment of the literature in Social Science Citation Index journals from 1990 to 2008

Research in the field of financial crisis has generated a considerable amount of literature in the past, yet there has neither been any study to assess the contributions to the literature made by individuals or institutions, nor any to measure the impact of the articles and researchers. This study represents an attempt to: (1) investigate the major journals in publishing financial crisis research, (2) assess the contributions of individual researchers and institutions using the credited contribution approach and (3) measure the impact of individual publications and individual researchers on the financial crisis literature through citation analysis, based on the publications in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals from 1990 to 2008. The findings provide a useful benchmark for assessing individual and institutional research productivity, and trends for future research and venues for publications are identified.     

The micro-geography of academic research: How distinctive is economics?

This study examines micro-geographic clustering in the production and recognition of academic research. Three U.S. ZIP codes are associated with over 40 percent of articles in the top five economics journals and those articles garnered one-half of all citations in these journals from 2000 to 2015. Such micro-geographic concentration is not apparent in other disciplines, even those like chemistry that rely on specialized laboratories. Concentration of citations to economics articles whose authors are associated with a few key ZIP codes has strengthened over time, even as it has weakened for other disciplines. This micro-geographic concentration may increase systemic risk by reducing the diversity of economics research that is published and cited and may lead to insufficient research attention to local context.     

RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS,ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CAUSALITY: JAPAN'S EXPERIENCE

Based on page counts of articles published in 60 quality economics journals, the role of research publications was examined for Japan. Economic growth is found to have causal effects on research publications. Impulse responses further indicate that economic growth promotes research outputs. A unique socioeconomic characteristic in Japan explains the causal directions found here.     

Revisiting and extending our understanding of Pierre Wack's the gentle art of re-perceiving

Pierre Wack's 1985 Harvard Business Review papers are two of the most frequently referenced in the scenario planning literature. Wack argued that planning had to be based on the more predictive elements of the business environment. If not, plans would be based on uncertainty and a ‘best guess’ basis. Yet there is a lack of subsequent empirical research to investigate Pierre Wack's contribution. The research findings presented in this paper extend our understanding of Wack's contribution. We show how social discourse during scenario building helped to make sense and reveal the significance of historical events. These historical events were seen, but not previously understood; consequently a new understanding of reality emerged. The findings are in contrast to Wack's explanation of re-perceiving and extend our understanding of the basis of re-perceiving with scenarios.     

Assessment of India's research literature

The structure and infrastructure of the Indian research literature were determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index (SCI/SSCI) [SCI. Certain data included herein are derived from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index prepared by the THOMSON SCIENTIFIC®, Inc. (Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: ©Copyright THOMSON SCIENTIFIC® 2006. All rights reserved. [1]] for 2005, with each article containing at least one author with an India address. Document clustering was used to identify the main technical themes (core competencies) of Indian research. Aggregate India bibliometrics were also performed, emphasizing the value of collaborative research to India. A unique mapping approach was used to identify networks of organizations that published together, networks of organizations with common technical interests, and especially those organizations with common technical interests that did not co-publish extensively. Finally, trend analyses were performed using other year data from the SCI/SSCI to place the 2005 results in their proper historical context.     

ASSESSING THE RELATIVE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIP: AN APPLICATION OF THE HARZING DATABASE

Despite the rising prominence of economic education scholarship, little work has been done to document how economic education scholarship is faring in the academic world. Unlike prior research in this genre, this study assesses the relative impacts of economic education scholarship by examining published research in (strictly) economic education journals. In order to do so, we use the Harzing database of citations to articles published in (strictly) economic education journals from 1990 to the present. Supporting some of the measures found in prior research, we find that the Journal of Economic Education (JEE) is unambiguously the dominant source of influential scholarship in the field of economic education. Interestingly, the JEE's closest competitors among active economic education journals are the International Review of Economics Education and Computers in Higher Education Economics Research, both of which are published under the auspices of the Economics Network, which is located in the UK. Following these two journals in our ranking is the Journal of Economics and Finance Education, a relatively new journal launch.     

Tracking emerging technologies in energy research: Toward a roadmap for sustainable energy

Science and technology for renewable and sustainable energy are indispensable for our future society and economics. To meet the goal of sustainable energy development, there is a growing body of research efforts world wide. The planner of energy research has to grasp the broader coverage of scientific and technological research, and make decisions on effective investment in promising and emerging technologies especially under circumstances of limited resources. In this paper, we track emerging research domains in energy research by using citation network analysis. Our analysis confirms that the fuel cell and solar cell are rapidly growing domains in energy research. We further investigate the detailed structure of these two domains by clustering publications in these domains. Each citation cluster has characteristic research topics, and there is a variety of growth trends among the clusters. By using citation network analysis, we can track emerging research domains among a pile of publications efficiently and effectively.     

Beyond papermaking: technology and market shifts for wood-based biomass industries – management implications for large-scale industries

Growing environmental concerns, emerging economies, and the strong uncertainties about future prices of fossil fuels as well as about CO₂ emissions contribute to a potential renaissance for biorefining industries. According to theories on technology shifts and innovations (e.g. [Utterback, J. M. 1994. Mastering the dynamics of innovation. How companies can seize opportunities under technological change. Harvard Business School Press]), heavy process industries like pulp and paper tend to be rigid towards disruptive innovations and instead focus on incremental innovations and economies of scale. However, a major empirical contribution from this case study demonstrates that some incumbents may escape the lock-in and form a new biomass development block. The study also contributes to academic as well as technology and innovation management perspectives in process-based and natural resource-based industries, where process innovations are tightly coupled with product innovations in inter-industry (vertical) linkages, the so-called development block.     

公司治理视角下企业创新研究脉络与热点图谱量化分析

为全面客观分析不同公司治理机制对企业创新的影响，基于Web of Science数据库2000-2019年463篇公司治理视角下企业创新研究文献，运用CiteSpace 软件绘制文献时空分布、双期刊叠加、文献共引及聚类、关键词时区等知识图谱，厘清研究分布情况、脉络轨迹及发展前沿。结果表明，文献数量逐年提高且尚未达到峰值，美国、中国为高产国家，该领域研究存在不同学科期刊间的知识流动。研究视角划分为创新决策动态视角、特定股权背景视角、委托代理视角，形成了以所有权结构、董事会职能及高管治理对企业创新影响为基础的研究主题框架，研究热点和前沿随公司治理主体关注重点变化和创新类别细化发生动态演进。最后，针对研究薄弱环节，提出未来研究方向。     

Technology and social change: William Fielding Ogburn revisited

This paper reviews William Fielding Ogburn's work on technology and social change. An overview of his basic theory is presented, as well as later refinements found in such works as Recent Social Trends in the United States, Technological Trends and National Policy, The Social Effects of Aviation, and other books and articles. It is suggested that while Ogburn is most widely remembered for his thesis of cultural lag, some of his later work on technology and social change is actually more important and deserves reconsideration and extension. One kind of extension might follow the lines of a systems approach rather than continuing the technological primacy strategy that Ogburn is normally considered to have used. The paper also surveys Ogburn's important work in the areas of technology, planning, and social policy, including materials on technology assessment. Ogburn's nontechnocratic approach to these questions, as well as his insistence that social scientists have a great deal to offer to the formulation of technological and social policies, are some of his most important contributions. Questions of technology and social change remain important contemporary issues, yet there is a surprising paucity of social science work on these crucial topics. Further study, extension, and reformulation of Ogburn's pioneering ideas offer fruitful means of embarking on new social science analyses of technology and society.     

5种风景园林类SCI期刊2013—2017年载文统计分析与研究

以《Landscape and Urban Planning》 《Landscape Ecology》《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》和《Journal of Environmental and Landscape Management》5种风景园林类影响因子较高的SCI期刊为研究对象，选取2013—2017年为研究时间段。基于Web of Science(WOS)和期刊官网数据，统计各期刊载文量、基金论文比、研究方向、作者来源及作者合著度，总结各期刊载文的不同侧重点。运用“文献计量在线分析平台”处理WOS核心合集数据，通过“关键词分析”得出期刊的研究热点主要集中在生态系统服务、城市化、气候变化、城市规划和生物多样性等方面；通过“国家总量分析”“国家间关系分析”“机构影响力分析”得出中国风景园林及相关学科学者在风景园林学科国际前沿期刊上的发文现状，并提出建议及展望。     

Optimal input trade policy under economic uncertainties in a small open economy

This article theoretically analyses optimal input trade policy under economic uncertainties in a small open economy. The benchmark model explains both key business cycle moments and asset prices of a representative emerging economy, and the corresponding deterministic version of the model finds no gain by deviating from the free input trade policy. The main findings are as follows: (1) it is optimal for the government to subsidize imported intermediate inputs in the benchmark model and (2) the result is robust to various shocks, various key structural parameters and various preference specifications.     

Chinese science and technology — Structure and infrastructure

This paper identifies and analyzes the science and technology core competencies of China, based on a sampling of approximately half of the total Chinese publication output in the Science Citation Index/ Social Science Citation Index (SCI/SSCI) [SCI. Certain data included herein are derived from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index prepared by the Thomson Scientific®, Inc. (Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright Thomson Scientific® 2006. All rights reserved. [1]] for 2005. Aggregate China publication and citation bibliometrics were obtained and a hierarchical research taxonomy, based on document clustering, was generated. Additionally, bibliometrics and thematic trends were tracked over the past two decades.The key findings were that China's output of research articles has significantly expanded in the last decade. In terms of sheer numbers of research articles, especially in cuting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology and energetic materials, it is among the leaders. Compared to the USA, the bulk of China's articles focus on the physical and engineering sciences, while the USA articles (compared to China) focus on medical, social, and psychological sciences.     

责任式创新研究的时空向度透视与知识框架建构

在科技社会深度融合发展的背景下，聚焦责任式创新，以2009―2020年WOS和CNKI数据库中879篇文献为样本，综合运用文献计量分析、因子分析和多维尺度分析，从时间和空间视角探索责任式创新研究的外部特征、热点内容、前沿趋势，并构建该领域知识框架。研究结果表明：①近12年国内外研究发文量总体呈上升趋势，但国内研究热度较低且尚处于初始阶段，国外科研合作网络紧密，积极推动该领域研究发展，同时该领域研究呈现跨学科特征，并逐渐形成学科交叉下的知识流动路径；②研究热点可分为4个方面，即内涵及理论框架构建研究，责任式创新与利益相关者参与研究，责任式创新跨界结合研究，责任式创新方法、实践及评估研究，研究前沿趋势可分为3个方面，即责任式创新与伦理规范研究、责任式创新与新兴技术治理研究、责任式创新的社会嵌入与政治议程研究；③基于因子分析和多维尺度分析，构建责任式创新的“情境―理论内涵―干预―机制―结果”CTIMO知识框架。最后，从责任式创新的制度情境、实践及扩散、利益相关者管理、组织层面评估等方面提出未来研究展望。     

新兴技术社会风险化解的前瞻性治理特征

新兴技术这柄“双刃剑”虽然给国家带来新发展动能，但也同时引发诸多社会风险，如何化解新兴技术社会风险成为新兴技术治理面临的难题。前瞻性治理研究为新兴技术社会风险化解提供了一些思考，但是相关研究较为分散和模糊，相关经验难以奏效。运用文本分析法和层次分析法，聚焦治理主体、过程和结果3个要素，提炼新兴技术社会风险化解的前瞻性治理特征，并在中国情境下检验其适用性。结果表明，公众参与结果纳入既定政策议程、否决权、新兴技术公众参与法律法规等前瞻性特征得到专家一致认同，认为它们是新兴技术社会风险化解的必要条件。研究结论对提高新兴技术社会风险治理绩效具有一定理论启示。     

Data-mining: Improvement of university library services

Delft University Press has been contacted by the International Water History Association (client) in order to study the relevancy of starting a new journal on a particular topic of interest to its members. This periodical would publish most of the articles relating to this field. Before starting, the client and the publisher want to know if such a journal would find enough authors for the articles and a sufficient audience. How many potential authors exist? What amount of articles in that field exists in other journals? In order to get an answer, the Delft University of Technology Library performed basic bibliometric analyses.A study of all articles published in 6 relevant existing periodicals, selected by the client, shows that most of the authors were unknown to the client. An analysis of the publications of the members of the association revealed that only one-third has published in the past 10 years, and very few publications were in the client's field of interest. This would imply that a future periodical could not be supported only by contributions of the members. These preliminary analyses allowed the publisher and the client to get a clearer idea of the possible contribution of its members for a future periodical. The main contributors will have to be recruited from a larger population.