Chinese science and technology — Structure and infrastructure

This paper identifies and analyzes the science and technology core competencies of China, based on a sampling of approximately half of the total Chinese publication output in the Science Citation Index/ Social Science Citation Index (SCI/SSCI) [SCI. Certain data included herein are derived from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index prepared by the Thomson Scientific®, Inc. (Thomson®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright Thomson Scientific® 2006. All rights reserved. [1]] for 2005. Aggregate China publication and citation bibliometrics were obtained and a hierarchical research taxonomy, based on document clustering, was generated. Additionally, bibliometrics and thematic trends were tracked over the past two decades.The key findings were that China's output of research articles has significantly expanded in the last decade. In terms of sheer numbers of research articles, especially in cuting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology and energetic materials, it is among the leaders. Compared to the USA, the bulk of China's articles focus on the physical and engineering sciences, while the USA articles (compared to China) focus on medical, social, and psychological sciences.     

技术创新研究在中国

通过对中国期刊全文数据库(经济和管理类核心期刊)、中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)和社会科学引文索引(SSCI)等数据库进行检索并对所得数据进行分析,展示了技术创新研究在中国大陆的发展状况。根据文献发表情况,将技术创新在中国大陆的研究划分为创新理论的消化(1989—1992年)、创新理论的本土应用(1993—2000年)和创新研究的拓展与再创新(2001年及之后)3个阶段,并对3个阶段的研究特点、研究方向的发展变化、研究工作与中国经济发展的相互作用等进行了较为细致的分析。最后,对今后技术创新研究在中国的发展趋势进行了推测。     

The structure and infrastructure of Mexico's science and technology

The structure and infrastructure of the Mexican technical literature was determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index for the year 2002, with each article containing at least one author with a Mexican address. Many different manual and statistical clustering methods were used to identify the structure of the technical literature (especially the science and technology core competencies). One of the pervasive technical topics identified from the clustering, thin films research, was analyzed further using bibliometrics, in order to identify the infrastructure of this technology.     

Contributions to financial crisis research: an assessment of the literature in Social Science Citation Index journals from 1990 to 2008

Research in the field of financial crisis has generated a considerable amount of literature in the past, yet there has neither been any study to assess the contributions to the literature made by individuals or institutions, nor any to measure the impact of the articles and researchers. This study represents an attempt to: (1) investigate the major journals in publishing financial crisis research, (2) assess the contributions of individual researchers and institutions using the credited contribution approach and (3) measure the impact of individual publications and individual researchers on the financial crisis literature through citation analysis, based on the publications in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals from 1990 to 2008. The findings provide a useful benchmark for assessing individual and institutional research productivity, and trends for future research and venues for publications are identified.     

The structure and infrastructure of Finnish research literature1

The structure and infrastructure of the Finnish research literature is determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index for the years 2003–2004, with each article containing at least one author with a Finnish address. Document clustering was used to identify the main technical themes (core competencies) of Finnish research. Four of the pervasive technical topics identified from the clustering (Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication, Signal Processing, Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry) were analyzed further using bibliometrics, in order to identify the infrastructure of these research areas. Finally, the citation performance of Finnish research in the four pervasive technical topics above, and in other technical topics obtained by analysis of Abstract phrases, was compared to that of two Scandanavian countries with similar population and GDP, Norway and Denmark.     

The structure and infrastructure of Finnish research literature

The structure and infrastructure of the Finnish research literature is determined. A representative database of technical articles was extracted from the Science Citation Index for the years 2003-2004, with each article containing at least one author with a Finnish address. Document clustering was used to identify the main technical themes (core competencies) of Finnish research. Four of the pervasive technical topics identified from the clustering (Wireless Networks and Mobile Communication, Signal Processing, Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry) were analyzed further using bibliometrics, in order to identify the infrastructure of these research areas. Finally, the citation performance of Finnish research in the four pervasive technical topics above, and in other technical topics obtained by analysis of Abstract phrases, was compared to that of two Scandanavian countries with similar population and GDP, Norway and Denmark.     

绿色创新绩效国际研究热点和发展趋势分析

绿色创新绩效体现企业与环境、资源相协调发展的创新成果，近年来引起了越来越多国内外学者的关注。运用文献计量法，对SSCI（Social Science Citation Index）社会科学引文索引数据库中以“绿色创新绩效”为主题的学术论文进行聚类图分析和战略图分析，剖析国际学术界绿色创新绩效的研究热点和发展趋势，以期为国内绿色创新绩效研究提供参考。目前国际上关于绿色创新绩效的研究数量呈现稳步上升趋势，企业资源、战略能力、研发活动、合作网络与绿色创新绩效之间的关系研究成为热点议题，未来具有高潜力的研究主要包括网络、信息技术、环境不确定性、创业导向、知识管理等主题。     

Global nanotechnology research literature overview

Text mining was used to extract technical intelligence from the open source global nanotechnology and nanoscience research literature (SCI/SSCI databases). Identified were: (1) the nanotechnology/nanoscience research literature infrastructure (prolific authors, key journals/institutions/countries, most cited authors/journals/documents); (2) the technical structure (pervasive technical thrusts and their inter-relationships); (3) nanotechnology instruments and their relationships; (4) potential nanotechnology applications, (5) potential health impacts and applications; and (6) seminal nanotechnology literature. Our results are summarized in this paper.     

中南林业科技大学高水平科研论文引文分析——基于SCI/SSCI/A＆HCI

以网络版ISI Web of Science数据库为依据,对中南林业科技大学自更名以来发表的论文被SCI/SSCI/A＆HCI收录和引用的情况进行了统计分析,并按出版年、科研领域和科研方向、高产作者和高被引作者、科研合作情况及学术影响力等方面做了较为详细的分析研究,最后提出了几点为提升中南林业科技大学的科研实力合理化建议。     

Literature-related discovery: Potential treatments and preventatives for SARS

Literature-related discovery (LRD) is the linking of two or more previously disjoint concepts in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible connections (i.e., potential discovery). LRD has been used to identify potential treatments or preventative actions for challenging medical problems, among myriad other applications.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic of the 21st century. SARS was eventually controlled through increased hygienic measures (e.g., face mask protection, frequent hand washing, living quarter disinfection), travel restrictions, and quarantine. According to recent reviews of SARS, none of the drugs that were used during the pandemic worked.For the present paper, SARS was selected as the first application of LRD to an infectious disease. The main goal of this research was to identify non-drug non-surgical treatments that would 1) prevent the occurrence, or 2) reduce the progression rate, or 3) stop/reverse the progression of SARS. The MeSH taxonomy of Medline was used to restrict potential discoveries to selected semantic classes, and to identify potential discoveries efficiently. To enhance the volume of potential discovery, databases were used in addition to Medline. These included the Science Citation Index (SCI) and, in contrast to previous work, a full text database. Because of the richness of the full text, ‘surgical’ queries were developed that targeted the exact types of potential discovery of interest while eliminating clutter more efficiently.     

区域生态风险管理研究热点展望

区域生态风险研究兴起于20世纪80年代,对科学引文索引数据库生态风险研究相关的2 347篇文献进行分析,从文献类型、出版年份、所属国家或地区、学科类别、发表作者和研究热点进行分析,简要描述国内的研究现状,基于国内外的相关研究,提出区域生态风险管理的研究展望。     

基于SCIE的科研现状评析——以北京工业大学为例

以北京工业大学1996—2006年被SCIE数据库收录的论文为研究对象,从论文的数量、学科分布、期刊分布、合作国家与机构、语种分布、作者分布和论文被引等方面进行了统计和分析,在此基础上对北京工业大学的科研现状进行初步探究,为科技决策者制定合理的人才培养和学科发展政策提供了量化基础和决策支持。     

印度知识产权管理及科研机构技术转移政策初探

印度建有比较完善的知识产权法律体系。本文介绍了印度知识产权法律制度、管理机构以及专利发布渠道，并以印度科学与工业研究理事会、印度农业研究理事会、坎普尔理工大学、孟买理工大学、印度科学学院等著名研究机构和大学为例，介绍了印度科研机构和高等院校的知识产权政策和管理规定。     

Assessment of China's and India's science and technology literature — introduction, background, and approach

Science and technology (S&T) allows (1) automation to replace human labor, (2) enhanced human labor capabilities, (3) quicker and cheaper production of goods, and (4) more complex products and processes. In order to maintain competitive advantages, it is critical for any country to understand what other countries are producing in S&T, and what intrinsic S&T capabilities are being developed.India and China are the two most populous countries in the world. These two dynamic economies are advancing rapidly in S&T, and it is prudent to assess the quantity and quality of their research output as well as to examine trends in their S&T capabilities.This paper, the first of four in a Special Section on China's and India's S&T, introduces the remaining three papers. Specifically, this paper describes the motivation for the studies, the background for understanding national S&T assessments, an overview of text mining, a brief picture of the Indian and Chinese S&T establishments, and a summary of the analytical techniques used in the assessments.     

公私合作伙伴关系（PPP）的文献计量与可视化分析

为了解国内PPP领域的研究现状和发展趋势,以CNKI数据库（2000-2015）收录的相关期刊论文为数据来源,运用SATI3.2和UCINET6.0软件,针对期刊、作者、机构和关键词字段进行文献计量和可视化分析,着重对关键词进行了社会网络分析、聚类分析和多维尺度分析。通过上述研究,得到了反映该领域研究的知识图谱,并由此发现该领域的主流期刊、高水平机构、代表性学者、知识特征和研究趋势。     

Measuring Efficiency in Higher Education: An Empirical Study Using a Bootstrapped Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess technical efficiency in a big public university. Particular attention has been paid to two main activities, teaching and research, and on two large groups, the Science and Technology (ST) sector and the Humanity and Social Science (HSS) sector. The findings, based to data from 2005 to 2009, suggest that the ST sector is more efficient in terms of quality of research than the HSS sector, that instead achieves higher efficiency in teaching activities. The efficiency estimates strongly depend on the output specification, given that the use of several quality proxies, such as three research and two student questionnaire-based teaching alternative indices, reduce performance and its differentials for both research and teaching activities. A bootstrap technique is also used to provide confidence intervals for efficiency scores and to obtain bias-corrected estimates. The Malmquist index is calculated to measure changes in productivity.     

Bounded rationality,neural network and folk theorem in repeated games with discounting

Summary The perfect folk theorem (Fudenberg and Maskin [1986]) need not rely on excessively complex strategies. We recover the perfect folk theorem for two person repeated games with discounting through neural networks (Hopfield [1982]) that have finitely many associative units. For any individually rational payoff vector, we need neural networks with at most 7 associative units, each of which can handle only elementary calculations such as maximum, minimum or threshold operation. The uniform upper bound of the complexity of equilibrium strategies differentiates this paer from Ben-Porath and Peleg [1987] in which we need to admit ever more complex strategies in order to expand the set of equilibrium outcomes.I would like to thank Hao Li and John Curran for excellent research assistance. Financial support from National Science Foundation (SES-9223483), Sloan Foundation and the Division of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago is gratefully acknowledged.     

Transport development and the evolution of economic geography

In this paper, based on the recent advances in the new economic geography (e.g., Fujita et al. [12]), we analyze impacts of transport costs on the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. We first identify prototypes from the existing models, and explain the mechanism of how transport costs influence the balance between economic forces of agglomeration and dispersion. We then investigate the transformation of the agglomeration/dispersion patterns given gradually decreasing transport costs for different goods.Received: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, Accepted: Received: July 2004 / Accepted: January 2005, JEL Classification: R12Tomoya Mori: Correspondence toThe authors are grateful to David Bernstein, Tatsuo Hatta, Komei Sasaki, Tony E. Smith, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. This research is partly supported by The Grant in Aid for Research 08403001 of Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in Japan, the Murata Science Foundation, and WESCO Civil Engineering Technology Foundation.     

Sources Of Technical Progress: Empirical Evidence From Swiss Industry

The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the sources of technological opportunities. The analysis is based on a survey conducted among 358 Swiss R&D executives in 1988. The most important results can be summarized as follows: 1. Market organizations are perceived as the most important source of contributions to technical progress. The most important source is firms within the same industry; second is product users; and third, suppliers of materials and equipment used in manufacturing. 2. The contribution of non-market organizations seems relatively unimportant. University research, other government research institutions, state companies and agencies, professional and technical associations and individual inventors make small contributions. 3. Science also contributes to technical progress, even if only selectively. Education and training in physics, computer science, materials science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and applied chemistry are all considered relevant to technical progress in Switzerland. 4. Generally, university research is not considered as relevant to technical progress in the industries surveyed. In certain fields, such as computer science, materials science and electrical engineering, university research does, however, seem relevant to technical progress.     

考虑技术中介的相互依存创新网络系统鲁棒性研究

创新网络系统已成为当前创新领域的研究热点之一。技术中介能够实现不同企业或组织技术需求与技术投入的最优匹配。相互依存网路将创新网络、技术中介网络和技术服务支持网络整合为有机整体。为此,构建了节点负载的相互依存创新网络系统级联失效鲁棒性模型。研究发现,容限系数越高的系统,其鲁棒性越好。在随机失效方式下,随机网络结构比其它两种组织网络结构任务完成效率高;在优先失效方式下,一定比例的组织节点优先失效即可导致整个网络完全瘫痪。该结论为研究创新网络结构以及关键创新技术节点冗余机制的采用提供了新的思路和视角,具有一定的探索意义和实践价值。