管理层业绩预告误差与盈余管理——基于中国上市公司的经验证据

笔者以新会计准则实施后2007年～2009年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,研究了业绩预告误差与盈余管理的关系.研究发现:如果实际盈余低于业绩预告值,那么管理层更可能进行盈余管理使对外披露的会计盈余与之前披露的业绩预告值一致.研究还发现,自愿披露业绩预告、在会计年度结束后披露业绩预告和预告乐观的上市公司管理层为了"迎合"业绩预告值而进行盈余管理的程度更高.为提高业绩预告信息的可靠性,应完善证券欺诈民事责任制度,并加强监管部门和交易所对自愿性信息披露的监管.     

中国股票市场盈余公告前价格漂移研究

以上市公司业绩预告或盈余公告日的数据计算隐含相关收益率并构造投资组合,研究已公告公司的盈余信息对行业内未公告公司股票价格的影响,可以发现市场在信息传递过程中存在反应不足并产生＂异象＂,这一＂异象＂可认为是盈余公告前的价格漂移。     

我国股票市场盈余公告信息传递效应研究

本文以上市公司业绩预告或正式盈余公告披露目的数据为样本,通过计算隐含相关收益率并构造投资组合,系统地研究了公司的盈余公告信息对行业内其他公司以及其他行业相关公司的影响,发现盈余信息在行业内及行业间存在传递性。同时,在控制盈余动量效应和盈余公告后价格漂移效应的基础上．发现市场在信息传递过程中存在反应不足。可以认为,这种反应不足是中国股市长期存在但并未被证实的市场“异象”。交易成本能在一定程度上对此做出解释。     

业绩预告、盈余管理与经济后果

本文研究了业绩大幅下降强制预告制度对我国上市公司盈余管理行为的影响。结果显示,监管机构对业绩下降的强制预告要求会诱发上市公司向上调高利润以避免业绩预告的盈余管理行为,表现为具有该类动机的上市公司可操纵性应计显著高于披露了业绩大幅下降预告的上市公司,但是该类公司并没有由此获得更高的市场回报。研究结果表明,强制的业绩预告制度是一把"双刃剑",在改善上市公司信息环境的同时也会诱发上市公司的盈余管理行为,降低盈余质量;但是市场可以对这种盈余管理行为进行发现与纠正。本文的研究为我国信息披露制度以及上市公司的盈余管理行为提供了新的经验证据。     

业绩预告修正信息质量的实证研究——基于上市公司2007～2009年业绩预告修正的分析

本文利用2007～2009年沪深两市A股上市公司业绩预告修正数据,实证检验了业绩预告修正信息的可靠性。研究发现,预告修正过程中存在盈余管理,原预告坏消息的公司会在预告之后主动修正预告,盈余管理与业绩修正方向相同,而原预告好消息的公司进行的预告修正是被动的,盈余管理的方向与预告修正的方向相反。另外,资产重组和债务重组是业绩预告修正公司常用的调高盈余的手段。     

自媒体信息披露对上市公司业绩预告的掩饰效应

文章基于自媒体平台迅速发展的时代背景,研究自媒体信息披露对上市公司业绩预告的影响。利用Python爬取上市公司微博和微信公众号信息,使用PSM后对匹配的样本进行实证研究发现,自媒体信息披露会对上市公司业绩预告产生掩饰效应,导致业绩预告信息质量降低。并且随着资本市场业绩预期压力的增大,自媒体平台可以为管理层的遮掩行为提供便利渠道,从而在更大程度上导致业绩预告质量的降低。进一步分析发现,发生“业绩变脸”的公司会积极地通过自媒体渠道营造业绩攀升的良好氛围,以掩饰真实信息。公司的信息环境越差,即盈余激进度越大、盈余平滑度越大、透明度越低,越有动机通过自媒体平台分散投资者关注,从而减少业绩预告信息披露。研究从自愿性信息披露双渠道的视角出发,探讨企业利用自媒体进行信息披露的掩饰动机,从微观上证明了自媒体已成为操控性信息披露的渠道。     

会计信息可比性与上市公司业绩预告外溢效应

现有信息披露对资本市场影响的实证研究主要集中研究公司信息披露与自身股价之间的关系。本文对我国上市公司2007—2017年发布的业绩预告的信息外溢效应进行了检验,发现上市公司业绩预告对行业内其他公司的市场反应具有显著解释力,表明我国资本市场业绩预告存在信息外溢现象。并且,公司间会计信息可比性越高,外溢效应越显著,表明会计信息可比性促进了公司间的信息传递,对投资者股票交易具有决策参考意义。进一步检验发现,可比性对信息外溢效应的促进作用在市场竞争更激烈的公司中更为显著。此外,预告公司和非预告公司的信息环境对信息传递的影响有所差异。本文研究结论为我国资本市场外部性现象提供经验证据,对于信息披露质量要求以及披露监管政策研究具有启示意义。     

中国投资者具有信息获取能力吗?——来自“业绩预告”效应的证据

用Baidu指数作为投资者"信息获取行为"的代理变量,以2007-2011年间的A股上市公司管理层业绩预告事件为样本,本文重点探讨中国投资者是否具有信息获取能力这一基本问题。结果表明,在"业绩预告"公布之前的四个交易日内,投资者的信息获取力度日益增加,并在预告公布当日达到顶峰,这在一定程度上证明了McNichols and Trueman(1994)关于"公开信息披露刺激投资者私有信息获取行为"的理论推断。本文接下来进一步探讨投资者的信息搜集活动是否影响到股价对业绩预告的反应。结果表明,随着"业绩预告"前投资者信息获取力度的增强,股价对"业绩预告"的即时反应却较弱。这说明,投资者的信息获取行为具有价格发现的作用,从而在一定程度上提前对"业绩预告"的信息作出反应。此外,本文还发现,随着投资者信息获取行为的增强,股票交易量也显著增加,从而呼应了信息获取影响股价变动的观点。基于此,本文认为中国投资者具有信息获取能力。     

会计-税收差异、盈余管理与证券市场估值

在构建了资产负债表债务法下所得税"会计-税收差异"的度量公式后,将"会计-税收差异"区分为向上盈余管理的"会计-税收差异"和向下盈余管理的"会计-税收差异"。以2008～2010年沪深两市上市公司为研究样本,分别检验了这两种不同方向的"会计-税收差异"对证券资产市场估值的影响,研究结果表明:市场具有价值发现和自动纠正偏差的功能,将向上盈余管理"会计-税收差异"越大的公司视为越蕴含了夸大的业绩,对其估值越低;对向下盈余管理"会计-税收差异"越大的公司视为业绩越被低估的公司,从而调高了对其的估值。但从实证结果来看,投资者对向上盈余管理"会计-税收差异"的负向反应强度要显著高于对向下盈余管理"会计-税收差异"的正向反应强度。     

管理层业绩预告信息披露时机选择研究——基于投资者有限关注的视角

基于投资者有限关注的视角,以中国上市公司2005-2012年业绩预告信息为样本,研究发现:上市公司业绩预告信息披露存在时机选择行为,相比业绩预告信息少日和其他周历,管理层更倾向于在信息多日和周五、周六发布坏消息业绩预告。这有助于分散投资者注意力,从而减少坏消息导致的股价波动。     

盈余信息披露、投资者行为与市场内幕交易

本文以2008—2017年的季报、半年报和年报盈余公告信息为研究对象,利用Fama MacBeth横截面回归方法考察了公司高管和机构投资者的内幕交易行为。研究发现：（1）我国股票市场的盈余漂移异象在盈余公告前后具有明显的非对称性,股价倾向于在盈余公告前（后）对“好（坏）消息”反应过度、对“坏（好）消息”反应不足;（2）盈余公告前,机构投资者的资金净流入（出）与公司的未预期盈余之间呈显著正相关关系;（3）盈余漂移异象在不同板块之间存在明显的分化效应,在盈余公告前,主板市场对“好消息”的反应程度弱于中小板和创业板,而在盈余公告后正好相反。     

Does director affiliation lead to analyst bias?

This study examines the ability of security analysts to provide objective earnings forecasts for firms with which the analyst’s brokerage firm has a director affiliation. The affiliation that we examine is where the brokerage firm has, on its board of directors, a director or an upper management individual from the firm which an analyst at the brokerage firm provides coverage. We find that affiliated analysts tend to provide earnings forecasts that are insignificantly different from unaffiliated analysts in terms of accuracy. However, we also find that forecasts provided by affiliated analysts tend to be significantly more pessimistic than those provided by their unaffiliated counterparts. This pessimistic bias in their earnings forecast will more easily allow the covered firm to beat earnings expectations when earnings are realized. We find that this bias surfaced after the Global Settlement decision, an enforcement agreement between large investment banks and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding issues surrounding conflicts of interest.     

Earnings management by firms announcing earnings after SEC filing

This study examines motivation and stock market reactions of firms announcing earnings in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) after filing with the Security Exchange Commission (SEC). Most firms announce earnings in the WSJ before SEC filing. Firms that reverse this sequence are voluntarily delaying public earnings announcements. The authors find that these firms are not only poor financial performers but also engage in earnings managements. They are delaying their WSJ announcements to postpone announcing bad news. The authors find significant stock price reactions to both the SEC filing and the WSJ announcement. The price reaction to earnings is incomplete at the SEC filings. The market continues reacting to firms' subsequent WSJ announcements as if the SEC filing fails to communicate earnings information to some investors.     

Macroeconomic News and the Euro/Dollar Exchange Rate

This paper investigates to what extent daily movements in the euro/dollar rate were driven by news about the macroeconomic situation in the USA and the euro area during the first two years of EMU. We examine whether market participants reacted to news in different ways depending on whether the news came from the USA or from the euro area, and whether the news was good or bad. Furthermore, we investigate whether traders' reaction to news has changed over time. We find that macroeconomic news has a statistically significant correlation with daily movements of the euro against the dollar. However, this relationship exhibits considerable time variation. There are indications of asymmetric response, but to different extents at different times. Our results also provide evidence that the market seemed to ignore good news and remain fixated on bad news from the euro area, as often claimed in market commentaries, but only for some time. Finally, we find evidence that the impact of macroeconomic news on the euro/dollar rate was stronger when news switches from good to bad or vice versa.
(J.E.L.: F31).     

微博、信息披露与分析师盈余预测

信息技术和社交网络的发展改变了信息的数量、类型及其传播方式。作为金融市场上最专业的信息使用者,分析师无疑会受到这一变化的影响。文章研究了上市公司开通微博对分析师盈余预测的影响,结果发现：（1）开通微博后,分析师盈余预测的修正频率增加,说明分析师会使用微博信息及时更新盈余预测。（2）开通微博后,分析师的平均盈余预测偏差和盈余预测分歧度都显著下降,说明微博信息是分析师进行预测的重要信息源,有助于其更好地了解和分析公司的经营活动。（3）开通微博后,公司股价对分析师盈余预测修正的反应更大。一个合理的解释是,投资者对微博发布的信息反应不足,而分析师能够帮助理解这些信息。文章的研究结论对于监管部门制定基于微博的社交网络信息披露标准,以及分析师如何在资本市场信息定价效率方面最大程度地发挥作用具有参考意义。     

Accruals quality,managers’ incentives and stock market reaction: evidence from Europe

We investigate if accruals quality is a valuable indicator of earnings quality for stock market investors. Our particular focus is on the incremental informative value of taking into account managers’ incentives for using accruals. We propose a market-based approach for assessing the usefulness of this indicator to improve investors’ decisions. Specifically, we examine the association between accruals quality and information asymmetry among stock market participants. Our empirical study uses data on European firms and our results are consistent with a positive association between poor earnings quality and high information asymmetry. However, given some previous studies suggesting that accruals-based measures may be noisy indicators of earnings quality, we develop a method to increase the informational content of the accruals quality measure. Based on our results, we find that combining accruals quality with the dispersion in analysts’ forecasts provides a better indicator of earnings quality rather than only accruals quality.     

Analyst earnings forecast revisions and the persistence of antidumping relief

Panel corrected standard errors with instrumental variables and effects are invoked to assess the significance of earnings forecast revisions around critical dates in non-steel AD petitions filed in 1985–1987. These petitions were filed between two important US trade law revisions (1984 and 1988), and the period encompasses significant stock market advances and declines. Event studies have been invoked to assess the value of AD petitions. However, they do not estimate the temporal distribution of any abnormal returns. Because analysts make quarterly earnings forecast revisions over several horizons, we can assess the short and long run value of petitions. We find that AD petitions tend to depress earnings forecasts in the year of the petition. However, second year earnings forecasts tend to be revised upwards. There is no effect on five year (long term) earnings growth forecasts. Hence any benefits of protection do not persist. There is evidence that analysts anticipate the filing by revising forecasts in the three months in advance of the filing. We also find that AD petitions do not affect the accuracy of forecasts.     

Anti-corruption campaign in China: good news or bad news for firm value?

This article investigates the effects of an anti-corruption campaign on firm value by testing market reactions to the investigation of top local officials during the recent anti-corruption campaign in China. We find that the anti-corruption events are more likely to be bad news for the market values of local state-owned enterprises (SOEs) but good news for the market values of non-SOEs less dependent on political connections. Besides, anti-corruption events are also more likely to be bad news for firms in regulated industries or low-marketization regions but good news for firms in nonregulated industries or high-marketization regions.