基于四个平衡原则的天然气定价

天然气是一种清洁、高效、不可再生资源能源和化工原料,其价格形成机制对天然气工业以及经济社会的发展至关重要。目前我国天然气价格形成机制存在着突出问题,不能满足经济社会发展的要求。以系统的观点,从四个平衡的视角论述了中国天然气的价格模型建构问题,最后给出天然气价格的科学合理的计算公式。     

我国天然气市场发展思路

我国天然气市场正处于发展期,具有区域分割性、消费结构不合理性、主体不明确性的特征。目前,影响我国天然气市场发展的主要因素是资源因素、基础设施因素、价格因素和政策法规因素。针对我国天然气市场发展的现状和问题,我国天然气市场的发展思路是:合理利用国内外两种资源;完善天然气管网系统建设;推进天然气定价机制改革;实现天然气行业有效监管;建立天然气行业相关法律体系。     

完善我国农产品价格形成机制的若干思考

依据马克思地租理论所揭示的市场经济条件下农产品价格决定的一般规律,分析了我国农产品价格形成机制的根本性缺陷在于价格长期背离价值,造成了我国农业生产内生动力的缺失,据此提出了完善我国农产品价格形成机制的对策建议。     

我国农产品目标价格补贴试点研究

棉花、大豆目标价格补贴试点是落实党的十八届三种全会和中央"一号文件"关于完善农产品价格形成机制的重大举措。本文基于跟踪调研了解的情况,阐述了我国实施目标价格补贴政策的背景,对棉花、大豆的市场价格走势进行了判断,分析了政策执行过程中存在的突出问题,提出了调整目标价格水平计算公式、提前公布目标价格水平、采集的市场价格应扣除流通成本、尽快兑付补贴款、完善市场应急托底预案的政策建议     

农产品价格的变动趋势和特征研究——兼评《农产品价格波动与调控机制研究》

文章以《农产品价格波动与调控机制研究》一书为例,分析了农产品价格变动的基本特征,探讨了农产品价格波动的影响因素,并对农产品价格传导机制进行了研究,最后提出了我国农产品价格形成和调控机制。     

农地制度、农地价格与"三农"问题

农地制度是我国农地价格形成机制缺陷的表面原因,而农村人地比例过高是其深层次原因.因此,要解决农地价格形成机制的扭曲.必须从"三农"问题的实际出发,在农村剩余劳动力转移出来的过程中逐步完善农地制度,规范农地价格形成机制.     

粮食价格机制及其实现形式

粮食价格机制包括价格形成机制和价格调节机制.市场经济条件下的粮食价格形成机制,应以市场价格为主,即在供求的相互变动中自发形成价格.但由于市场形成粮食价格的局限性和粮食产业的特殊性,完善的粮食市场价格机制还应包括对粮食价格的宏观调控.在粮食价格机制中,均衡价格是粮食价格的基本形式,期货市场是粮食价格形成有效方式,科学的宏观调控措施是保障机制.     

泰国大米价格支持政策实践及启示

泰国政府为保证稻农收入,先后实施了大米仓储政策、价格支持计划、价格保险计划和大米典押政策等一系列价格支持政策。本文主要探讨了价格支持政策的积极影响和产生的问题,以期为我国完善价格支持政策提供借鉴。尤其在价格支持政策的实施过程中,应具有全局性和战略性眼光,不能偏离市场的决定性作用。同时,要根据中央"一号文件"中完善农产品价格形成机制的要求,针对不同粮食品种,采取差异化的目标价格策略。     

建立水资源价格制度实现水资源可持续利用

在论述了我国水资源的概况与主要问题的基础上,对我国现行水资源价格形成机制存在的主要问题和建立科学的水商品价格机制的主要原则进行了探讨,并提出了建立科学的水商品价格机制的设想与措施。     

粮食价格形成机制存在的问题与对策

在社会主义市场经济条件下,粮食价格改革应坚持市场取向,建立政府宏观调控下,以市场供求与竞争形成价格为主的粮食价格形成机制。目前粮食价格形成机制仍存在着诸多不合理问题,建立和完善与社会主义市场经济相适应的粮食价格形成机制,还有许多理论和实践问题需要研究解决。　　一、粮食价格形成机制存在的主要问题1998年5月,国务院出台的《关于进一步深化我国粮食流通体制改革的决定》,明确提出完善粮食价格形成机制,就是要在政府调控下使粮食价格主要由市场供求和竞争来决定。但在实际执行过程中,粮食价格形成的市场化程度并未提高,粮食价…     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.