经济集聚对全要素能源效率的影响研究

全要素能源效率是能源消费活动中以资本、劳动和能源作为投入要素,将有效经济产出作为产出要素测算出来的能源经济运行效率.经济集聚在不同阶段通过规模效应、技术效应、产业产品结构效应和政策环境效应对全要素能源效率存在非线性关系影响.文章基于2004-2018年中国30个省级行政区的面板数据,采用静态和动态空间面板模型验证经济集聚对全要素能源效率的作用.结论 表明,在经济初步集聚阶段,经济集聚对全要素能源效率有降低作用;在经济深度集聚阶段,经济集聚对全要素能源效率有显著提高作用,并提出通过深化经济集聚发展、加强环境规制来提升全要素能源效率的建议.     

产业协同集聚对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应

文章根据影响机制理论提出假说,运用动态空间计量模型实证检验了产业协同集聚对GTFP(绿色全要素生产率)的影响以及空间溢出效应.研究表明,中国GTFP存在显著的"时间惯性"和空间相关性.无论是长期还是短期,产业协同集聚对本市GTFP的直接影响呈倒"U"型,并且对相邻城市GTFP产生显著的正向溢出效应.分行业回归结果表明,金融业与制造业协同集聚在长期和短期内均显著抑制本市GTFP的提升,交通运输、仓储和邮政业、计算机服务和软件业、科学研究和技术服务业与制造业分别协同集聚在长期和短期内均显著促进本市GTFP的提升,租赁和商务服务业与制造业协同集聚在长期和短期内对本市GTFP的影响均不显著,同时这些细分行业与制造业协同集聚对GTFP的空间溢出效应均存在明显差异.     

产业协同集聚对城市绿色经济发展的影响研究--基于长三角城市群的实证分析

论文系统测算研究了长三角城市群26个城市制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚水平与绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)的变化趋势,并实证分析了产业协同集聚对绿色全要素生产率的影响效果。结果显示:长三角地区绿色发展水平整体呈上升趋势,东部城市产业协同集聚程度相对较高,中心城市的辐射效应明显;产业协同集聚对城市绿色全要素生产率呈正向促进作用,且存在行业异质性,金融服务业、科研服务业与制造业协同集聚能明显促进城市绿色经济发展;现阶段产业协同集聚主要通过绿色技术进步来促进绿色全要素生产率的提升,依赖绿色技术效率来提高绿色全要素生产率的作用效果不明显。根据研究结果提出了相关建议。     

高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚的经济增长效应

基于中国省级面板数据，利用空间面板模型和面板门槛模型，探究高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚的经济增长效应。结果表明：区域间产业集聚特征差异显著，高协同集聚主要集中在东部沿海地区，低协同集聚主要集中在西部地区。经济增长水平、高技术制造业与高技术服务业协同集聚水平均具有显著空间正相关性，二者协同集聚有助于促进区域经济增长。协同集聚的经济增长效应存在双重门槛，当高技术制造业集聚度和高技术服务业集聚度均介于第一、二门槛之间时，产业协同集聚的经济增长效应最强。仅少部分省域两产业集聚度介于第一二门槛之间，能够有效发挥协同集聚对经济增长的推动作用。     

“双碳”目标下产业协同集聚与低碳发展模式塑造北大核心

为积极应对全球气候变暖,推进碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现,论文旨在从产业空间结构的视角探索我国低碳经济发展新模式。利用2004—2019年省级数据测算低碳经济增长指数,并实证检验了产业协同集聚对地区低碳经济发展水平的影响,研究发现:(1)产业协同集聚能够显著促进低碳经济增长。(2)产业协同集聚可以通过研发溢出效应和能源结构效应渠道对低碳经济发展产生影响,其中机制检验表明,制造业和生产性服务业协同集聚的能源结构效应更有助于低碳模式塑造。(3)就区域异质性而言,产业协同集聚对区域低碳发展水平存在差异化影响,东部地区的低碳水平更为显著。因此,要充分把握产业协同集聚对低碳经济的作用渠道,通过优化产业空间结构加速实现我国的低碳发展目标。     

制造业集聚与城市化协同驱动城市绿色全要素生产率提升研究 ——来自中国内地261个城市的经验证据

以2004-2017年中国内地261个城市数据为例，运用非线性门槛模型与动态空间效应分解模型，分别基于协调、非协调与空间溢出情境，对制造业集聚布局与城市化发展协同驱动绿色全要素生产率提升进行机制分析与实证检验。结果发现：虽然制造业集聚与城市化双轮驱动更能助推城市绿色全要素生产率提升，但当城市化水平超过0.424 1、制造业集聚度小于0.706 7或超过1.291 1时，非协调协同驱动下绿色全要素生产率激励机制便会失灵。全样本动态空间效应分解表明，短期内制造业集聚与城市化互动能够为整体地区间绿色全要素生产率提升创造机遇。但长期来看，地区间要素流动和重组将引致绿色先行城市制造业集聚与城市化协同稳态微妙失衡，从而导致期望的绿色全要素生产率增长路径中断。异质性城市动态空间效应分解表明，当前绿色极点仍集中在新一线、一线与二线城市，三线、四线与五线城市的绿色极化效应尚不显著，区域间绿色回流与溢出效应尚不明显。     

互联网产业集聚能否缓解地区资源错配——基于长三角41个城市的经验分析

以长三角地区41个城市为研究对象,基于要素流动、空间溢出、政府干预等视角,运用多步多重中介效应模型、空间杜宾模型、面板门槛模型,分析互联网产业集聚对资源错配的作用机制。研究表明：①互联网产业集聚能够有效缓解劳动力错配和资本错配;②互联网产业集聚和资源错配间存在链式中介效应,表现为互联网产业集聚能够促进第二三产业协同集聚,从而抑制无效的劳动力流动和资本流动,提升劳动力流动和资本流动质量,进而缓解劳动力错配和资本错配;③互联网产业集聚具有空间溢出效应,能够显著改善本地区和邻近城市劳动力错配,同时,改善邻近地区资本错配;④政府干预具有显著的单门槛效应,互联网产业集聚对劳动力错配和资本错配的缓解在一定程度上受政府干预的影响。鉴于此,研究提出,长三角地区应进一步推进互联网产业集群建设与产业协同集聚发展,发挥互联网产业集聚对要素流动量与质的调节作用,同时,政府干预也要适度。     

产业协同集聚、制度环境与工业绿色创新效率

绿色创新兼具绿色和创新双重属性,是破解资源环境约束,推进可持续发展的重要手段。基于2004—2020年我国内地30个省域面板数据,采用非径向方向距离函数模型测度工业绿色创新效率,并从空间视角探讨高技术制造业与生产性服务业协同集聚对工业绿色创新效率的影响效应。结果表明：(1)产业协同集聚对本地工业绿色创新效率的影响呈先升后降的倒U型非线性特征,现阶段具有显著促进效应,对地理邻近地区绿色创新效率具有不显著的负向空间溢出效应;(2)分样本回归结果表明,不论在东部地区还是中西部地区,当前产业协同集聚均显著促进工业绿色创新效率水平提升;(3)产业协同集聚通过人力资本流动和协同创新间接驱动工业绿色创新效率水平提升;(4)制度环境尤其是知识产权保护不仅能强化产业协同集聚对工业绿色创新效率的促进作用,还能有效抑制产业协同集聚负外部性的发生。     

产业协同集聚对区域经济增长的影响研究——基于规模效应与拥堵效应视角

在构建“双循环”新发展格局的背景下，本文从微观理论着手将面板模型拓展至空间维度讨论了中国产业协同集聚的规模效应和拥堵效应，并深入探讨了产业协同集聚的作用途径。研究发现，中国产业协同集聚与地区经济增长间存在显著的倒“U”型关系，并且与邻近地区的经济增长间也存在先促进后阻碍的非线性关系。机制研究证实了产业协同集聚能够通过提升科技创新水平和市场潜能促进地区经济增长；地区异质性结果表明，因地区间差异明显，东、西部地区产业协同集聚的直接效应和空间溢出效应均呈倒“U”型关系，而中部地区则呈线性关系。基于上述结果，本文给出了推动中国产业协同集聚发展的相关政策建议，对进一步优化中国产业结构布局具有一定的现实意义。     

要素市场扭曲抑制了绿色创新效率提升吗——高技术产业集聚的调节效应

中共十九大报告指出,要素市场化配置是经济体制改革的重点。利用2003—2019年中国省际面板数据,采用面板固定效应模型和门槛回归方法,实证研究要素市场扭曲、绿色创新效率与高技术产业集聚之间的关系。结果表明,要素市场扭曲会阻碍绿色创新效率提升,高技术产业集聚能够显著促进绿色创新效率提升,并削弱要素市场扭曲对绿色创新效率提升的抑制作用。门槛效应表明,在高技术产业集聚程度较高的情况下,要素市场扭曲对绿色创新效率的抑制作用会被扭转。以上结果均表现出显著的区域异质性。     

企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研及对策思考

在对福建省企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研的基础上,提出构建可操作的“三层次四模块”诚信意识培育新模式,推进人本化管理理念的渗透,加强人文关怀和心理疏导,以实现思想政治工作诚信意识培育的目标。     

中国经济的内外均衡与财税改革

我国经常项目持续的大规模顺差,给国民经济的健康发展带来一系列的不利影响。在前人研究的基础上,通过对各种影响因素进行分类拆解,本文试图从理论和实证角度说明长期的储蓄-消费失衡是造成我国贸易顺差的一个重要原因,而其背后的根本原因是由于企业可支配收入相对于劳动者报酬不断提高带来的收入结构和储蓄结构失衡。我国当前企业未分配收入大幅增长的原因可以归结为企业利润率"虚高"和国企"不分红"问题。只有从体制上解决这个问题,才能使储蓄降低到适当的水平,通过拉动内需消除我国过大的贸易顺差,从根本上解决内外经济比例失衡问题。     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

美国、日本产业政策:比较分析与启示

现阶段,在吸取美国、日本经验的基础上,我国产业结构调整应主要依靠市场机制进行调节,同时辅之以宏观政策,尽快使我国的产业结构优化,即产业结构的合理化、高级化。     

Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances

Abstract

Proofs are given that only singularly can real 1750 – 2007 competitive price ratios be ‘natural', in the sense of being invariant under changes in demand tastes. Proofs are given that both 1750 – 1870 discrete technologies or 1890 – 2007 continuum technologies, with convexity properties sufficient for arbitrage-proof supply-demand equilibria, will be ‘intertemporally Pareto optimal', immune to leaving any deadweight (inefficient) losses on the table. Sraffa (1960), ignoring the vast post-1945 linear and non-linear programming mathematical literature of Danzig, Kuhn-Tucker-Bellman, von Neumann, Ramsey literature does not quite arrive at attainable distribution solutions. Where it tolerates increasing or decreasing returns to scale, there can be no competitive equilibria. When its matrix equations do obey first-degree-homogeneous functions, the book's stress on Basics or non-Basics is an irrelevancy leading to bizarre novel interpretations of Ricardo.

Old age overtakes us all. Alas, Sraffs's proposed critique of twentieth century political economy we will never be able to know.     

Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Sen and Commons on Markets and Freedom

Amartya Sen's enlarged conception of freedom has augmented the scope of economic analysis but it also has had the surprising effect of being more supportive of the free market than conventional welfare economics. It is argued here that a comparison of Sen's position with that of the American institutionalist, J R Commons, highlights some problems with Sen's approach and points to possible ways in which they might be addressed.     

Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence

We construct a theoretical model to capture the compensation and efficiency effects of globalization in a set up where the redistributive tax rate is chosen by the median voter. The model predicts that the two alternative modes of globalization- trade liberalization and financial openness- could potentially have different effects on taxation. We then provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between taxation and the alternative modes of globalization using a large cross-country panel data set. On average, globalization is associated with lower taxation but there is some evidence that in countries with high capital-labor ratio, globalization is associated with increased taxation. We make a distinction between de jure and de facto measures of globalization and find a strong negative relationship between taxation and de jure measures of globalization. The results for de facto measures of globalization are mixed.     

Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence

We provide a framework to interpret the recent literature on financial development and inequality. In many developing countries, access to funding and financial services by firms and households is still very skewed. Recent evidence suggests that poor access does not only reflect economic constraints but also barriers erected by insiders. Inequality affects the distribution of political influence, so financial regulation often is easily captured by established interests in unequal countries. Captured reforms deepen rather than broaden access, as small elites obtain most of the benefits while risks are socialized. Financial liberalization motivated to increase access may in practice increase fragility and inequality, and lead to political backlash against reforms. Thus financial reforms may succeed only if matched by a buildup in oversight institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 748–773.     

The Performance of Public and Private Enterprise under Conditions of Active and Passive Ownership and Competition and Monopoly

Privatisation is driven by the belief that public ownership is cost inefficient, in particular under monopoly. However, some theoretical and empirical studies have questioned whether privatisation will necessarily lead to efficiency gains. This paper focuses on the impact of ownership when owners can be either active or passive. Active owners decide on output, whereas passive owners delegate this decision to a risk-averse manager. It turns out that managerial slack as reflected in the marginal costs will actually be the same or higher in a private monopoly than under public ownership. The impact of entry is theoretically ambiguous, but an increased number of firms in an oligopoly may lead to lower efficiency.