金融科技与中小微企业信贷获取——基于新三板企业的实证研究

中小微企业融资难、融资贵是世界性难题,银行信贷融资是其外部融资的重要来源,但目前过低的融资规模制约了其缓解融资难的有效发挥,如何提升中小微企业的银行信贷融资成为学术界的研究难点。金融科技的迅猛发展是否对解决该难点有所助益？本文以2011—2020年新三板企业为样本对该问题进行考察,研究发现：(1)金融科技能显著提升中小微企业信贷资源获取,该结论在考虑内生性和稳健性检验后依然成立;(2)机制分析表明,金融科技能够通过降低信息不对称、促进商业信用融资以及加剧银行业竞争等渠道显著促进中小微企业的信贷获取;(3)异质性分析表明,金融科技对信贷获取的促进作用在货币政策紧缩时期、信用环境较差地区、中西部地区、融资约束较高、产权性质为非国有以及抵押能力较弱的企业中表现得更加明显;(4)进一步研究表明,金融科技能够降低借贷成本;相对于短信贷期限结构企业,金融科技对于长信贷期限结构企业的正向影响更为明显。本文的研究结论支持了金融科技的长尾效应和普惠性,也为中小微企业获取更多信贷资源,缓解融资难题提供了有效路径。     

金融抑制与商业信用二次配置功能

信贷资源通过正规金融机构到企业只是完成初次分配,获得融资的企业再把资金转移给其他企业则是信贷资源的二次分配,商业信用在信贷资源二次分配过程中扮演着重要角色,并得到文献证实。商业信用二次配置功能存在的制度基础是什么?基于中国独特的金融制度环境,本文识别并验证了金融抑制是如何影响并决定商业信用二次分配功能的。实证发现,商业信用的二次分配功能在金融抑制程度越高的地区表现越强,并随着金融改革发展而减弱。在国有企业和国家重点扶持的行业中,企业的商业信用二次分配功能更加显著。本文阐述了宏观金融背景是如何影响企业微观融资行为的,对当前的金融改革具有一定政策参考价值,也有利于深入理解中国企业当前所面临的融资问题。     

产权性质、信贷歧视与企业融资的替代性约束

商业信用和银行信贷都是企业重要的融资方式。然而在中国的金融体制下,产权性质的异质性会造成企业受到金融机构的信贷歧视,而这种信贷歧视会约束企业的替代性融资,即当民营企业面临商业信用约束时,其更难以使用银行信贷进行融资性替代。本文利用我国规模以上工业企业数据库作为研究样本,实证检验了上述理论假设。实证研究发现:企业的商业信用与银行信贷之间存在着相互替代的关系,民营企业受到了来自金融机构的信贷歧视,而信贷歧视减弱了民营企业银行信贷的融资替代性。为了缓解民营企业所受的融资约束,政府应积极推进金融市场化改革,减少针对民营企业的信贷歧视,而企业应加强产业关联,增强商业信用融资能力。     

金融抑制与商业信用二次配置功能

正规的金融机构通过信贷资源分配到企业只是完成了资金的初次分配,获得融资的企业将资金转移给另外的企业之后才完成了信贷资源的第二次分配。在信贷资源的第二次分配过程中商业信用有重要的作用。商业信用二次配置的功能主要立足于中国特殊的金融制度环境上。相关研究调查表明,在金融抑制程度越高的地区中,商业信用的二次分配功能体现得越强,在金融情况发生改革之后,商业信用二次分配功能体现逐渐减弱。在一些国家重点扶持的行业或国有企业中,企业商业信用的二次配置功能体现得更加强烈。文章主要对金融抑制于商业信用二次配置功能进行了一些研究和讨论。     

小微企业融资困难的原因探究

经济转型时期,小微企业融资困难阻碍了其创新与发展。从融资渠道的视角对当下小微企业融资现状进行了研究,进而分析了造成小微企业融资困难的多种原因,包括内部原因和外部原因。内部原因是指小微企业的自身问题即经营管理不完善,外部原因是指金融市场的信息不对称、市场金融结构的失衡以及不完善的社会信用体系环境等。解决的对策主要包括:在小微企业中推广现代企业制度,加强企业信息化系统建设,转变市场金融结构,加快社会信用体系建设。     

货币政策、信贷资源配置与金融漏损——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

本文采用上市公司的银行信贷和商业信用数据,考察了不同货币政策下,不同产权性质企业在银行信贷和商业信用方面的差异性特征。研究结果发现,在紧缩的货币政策下,由于信贷配给的存在,国有产权企业在获取银行贷款方面比私有产权企业更具优越性,私有产权企业为缓解融资窘境选择了更多的商业信用替代融资,这种不同产权性质企业间信贷资源配置的差异可能导致金融漏损的发生,而进一步的研究发现紧缩的货币政策下,国有产权企业有更多的应收票据,而私有产权企业有更多的应付票据,这一方面从侧面进一步证实了金融漏损的存在,同时也反映了宏观经济政策对企业商业信用模式的影响,趋紧的宏观经济环境加剧了供应链关系的紧张,企业间采用了交易成本更高的商业信用模式。本文的研究反映了我国信贷配给的存在对市场微观主体的影响以及金融漏损存在的客观性,从而有助于理解我国私有经济高速发展之谜。     

银行贷款会挤出商业信用吗——基于研发投入视角

企业创新是经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,基于2008-2018年中国A股上市企业的经验数据研究发现:总体来看,银行贷款未能成为企业研发投入的融资渠道,与此相反,商业信用则是企业研发投入的来源之一。并且就研发投入而言,银行贷款对商业信用存在明显的挤出效应,在替换关键变量及使用不同计量方法后,实证结果依然稳健。进一步研究还发现,前述银行贷款对商业信用的挤出效应,在所有制属性、行业高技术属性、所处地域的外部法制环境以及企业规模等方面均呈现出显著的异质性。文章深入探究中国上市企业创新融资的内在逻辑,在一定程度上为国家促进企业自主创新和推动金融供给侧改革提供了切实的理论依据与决策参考。     

纳税信用评级与企业投资结构偏向：“投实”抑或“向虚”

基于2009—2021年沪深A股上市企业数据，采用多期双重差分法分析了纳税信用评级披露对企业投资结构偏向的影响及其作用机制。研究发现，纳税信用评级披露可以显著引导企业投资结构更加偏向实体投资，表现为企业纳税信用评级为A可以激励企业增加实体投资，同时抑制金融资产投资。机制分析表明，纳税信用评级披露通过融资约束渠道、外部监督渠道和实体投资成本渠道，增加企业信贷融资规模、降低盈余管理以及缩小实体投资与金融投资的相对收益差距，促使企业投资结构偏向实体投资。进一步研究表明，在税收征管力度弱的地区，纳税信用评级披露能够发挥更大的“投实”激励效应，对强制性税收征管起到有益的补充。上述研究结论为通过纳税信用建设优化企业投资结构实现“双赢”提供了经验证据。     

银行业结构影响中小企业信贷能力? ——基于分层线性模型实证

中小企业融资问题引起了我国普遍关注。基于wind数据库,利用分层线性模型考察了企业规模与银行业结构对中小企业信贷能力的影响,并引入了商业信用环境变量,研究不同商业信用环境下,该影响是否会发生变化。研究发现,企业规模越大,银行业结构越分散,企业信贷能力越强,但该影响程度随着商业信用环境的提高而减弱。本研究对于如何提高中小企业信贷能力具有重要参考意义。     

关系网络、商业信用融资与民营企业成长

以2006-2010年间上市民营企业为样本,通过检验商业信用融资对企业成长的影响状况,以及关系网络是否有利于企业使用商业信用融资,本文发现使用商业信用融资能缓解融资约束,并促进企业成长,这对于存在融资需求的企业体现得更为突出。此外,不同层次的关系网络对企业使用商业信用融资的影响存在差异。其中,横向关系网络有助于企业使用商业信用融资,并对小型企业的帮助程度最高。本文为我国民营企业为何能在缺乏正规金融支持的背景下成长提供一种新的微观机理解释,并为转轨经济中非正式制度对非正规金融所发挥的支撑作用提供新的经验证据。     

Trade credit, bank lending and monetary policy transmission

This paper investigates the role of trade credit in the transmission of monetary policy. Most models of the transmission mechanism allow firms to access only financial markets or bank lending according to some net worth criterion. In our model we consider external finance from trade credit as an additional source of funding for firms that cannot obtain credit from banks. We predict that when monetary policy tightens there will be a reduction in bank lending relative to trade credit. This is confirmed with an empirical investigation of 16,000 UK manufacturing firms.     

International Transmission of the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis: Evidence from Japan

We investigate the international transmission of the 2007–2009 financial crisis to Japanese firms by examining both stock returns and changes in operating performance during the crisis. Our results indicate that Japanese firms were affected by the crisis mainly through the trade channel in both stock returns and changes in operating performance. We also find that the liquidity channel played a role in the fall of stock returns in response to the crisis and in the changes in return on assets during the first year of the crisis. We obtain weak evidence for the credit crunch channel and no evidence to support the trade finance channel.     

融资约束与企业出口行为:基于工业企业数据的经验研究

采用2000—2007年的3万多家工业企业数据,本文构造了包括内源融资、商业信贷以及企业信用特征等变量的企业融资约束综合指标。基于Heckman选择模型的经验研究表明,企业融资状况的改善不仅能提高企业出口的概率,而且对其出口规模也有重要影响。研究还发现融资状况改善对外资企业出口影响最显著;与国有企业相比,民营企业虽受到更严重的融资约束,但其出口表现并未更差。此外,融资状况改善对那些高外源融资依赖度行业的企业出口具有更明显的促进作用。     

Trade liberalization,wilful credit defaults and bank bribery in a credit-constrained economy

The rising incidence of credit defaults may cause credit crunch. This affects the ability of firms to finance working capital and also fixed capital formation. Naturally, this is a major macroeconomic shock. This paper is an attempt to address the microeconomic foundation of such macroeconomic shock. We provide a theoretical framework to explain the economic rationale behind ‘wilful corporate defaults’ and ‘financial corruption’ in the specific context of trade liberalization. First, we model the behavioural aspects of wilful corporate defaulters and bank officials to determine the bank bribe rate as an outcome of the Nash bargaining process in a two-stage sequential move game. Based on the results of the partial equilibrium framework, we examine aspects of trade liberalization in an otherwise 2 × 2 general equilibrium framework. We also compare the efficacy of punishment strategies to economic incentives to deter credit defaults and banking sector corruption. Methodologically, our analytical model integrates finance capital distinctly from physical capital in Jonesian general equilibrium framework. Interestingly, our findings indicate that there exists a trade-off at equilibrium between curbing credit defaults and bribery. We also find that not all punishment strategies are equally effective at deterring credit defaults if general equilibrium interlinkage effects are carefully dealt with.     

Financial structure and diversification of European firms

Small and medium enterprises have been shown to rely mainly on banks for funding and, unlike larger firms, rarely have direct access to capital markets. This article looks at the extent to which SMEs avail of a wider range of funding options and how their use differs across firms and countries. Across all countries, we find that firms are currently using two or three sources of finance to fund their operations and have had previous experience of other types of funding. There are some noticeable differences across countries with peripheral economies generally being less diversified. Differences across firm size and age groups are more marked than cross-country variation, with smaller and younger firms significantly more reliant on a limited set of finance types and older, larger firms having more diversified financial structures. Looking at individual sources of financing, we find that trade credit and informal sources of finance are extremely prevalent across all countries, with Irish firms being particularly likely to use them as sources of funding.     

Access to credit and investment decisions of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in China

Financial constraints are common in developing countries where financial systems are underdeveloped. In China, firms report that access to finance is the most important obstacle in the business environment. This is related to firms that fail to gain access to the credit market. We examine the likelihood of gaining access to credit by firms, and find that size and exporting appear to be the key characteristics. Credit constraints are significant for investment decisions. Together with size, access to credit is among the firm characteristics with the greatest impact on the likelihood to invest.     

Trade credit use and competition in the value chain

Trade credit is a major source of finance in value chains in developed and emerging economies. Despite its ubiquitous use, this is one of the first empirical studies that analyzes why the use of trade credit varies along the value chain. We argue that competition faced by firms at different stages in the value chain and enforcement mechanisms that stimulate repayment jointly determine the use of trade credit. We distinguish two dimensions of competition, that is, rivalry and customer bargaining power. Competition may stimulate firms to provide trade credit to keep customers from switching to other suppliers. Yet, high contract enforcement costs relative to the value of the transactions, reduce the willingness to offer trade credit. We find empirical evidence showing that competition does not (strongly) influence the use of trade credit in the retail market, whereas it does in the markets for wholesalers and millers. We interpret these results as suggestive evidence that the retail, wholesale and milling market segments differ in terms of the enforcement costs involved in the provision of trade credit. Rivalry at the retail market segment makes switching easy for customers, even in case of default. As enforcement of repayment in this market segment is difficult and costly, trade credit appears to be a risky and less attractive marketing instrument for retailers. In contrast, in the wholesale and milling market segment, trade credit is widespread as stakeholders know each other, making informal mechanisms effective in supporting the enforcement of trade credit repayment.     

Industrial districts and financial constraints to innovation

Informational frictions between borrowers and lenders are particularly acute for innovative firms undertaking high‐risk projects. As a consequence, banks may end up denying credit to them. However, the literature on relationship finance predicts that a closer relationship between credit suppliers and obligors is deemed to alleviate information asymmetries, hence preventing credit rationing from occurring. The question of whether such situations also apply to innovative firms has so far remained relatively unexplored. Using a cross‐section of Italian manufacturing firms, I find that credit constraints appear to be more severe for firms undertaking innovative activities, although such effects are weaker when measures of R&D intensity are included. The empirical analysis also shows that firms located in an industrial district have easier access to external finance. If I move to consider firms engaged in substantial R&D activities located in a district, results suggest that they can benefit from better financial conditions.     

Contagion effects of sovereign credit rating revisions on the real economy: is it trade or finance?

We analyse the contagion effects of sovereign credit rating revisions on the real economy, with particular emphasis on the intensity of trade and finance channels. Our findings show that event countries that experienced rating revisions cause substantial contagion effects on the real output growth rates of nonevent countries. Nonevent countries with a high export ratio, high external debt levels, or those that are more dependent on common bank credit relative to other nonevent countries are more likely to be infected by event countries’ adverse credit shocks. The results remain after accounting for alternative real economy indicators, financial liberalization, financial crises, and economic development status.     

信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响* ——基于商业信贷和银行信贷角度的理论和实证分析

本文在新新贸易理论框架下，基于商业信贷和银行信贷的综合视角，系统研究了信贷融资对异质性企业出口参与的影响。本文重点围绕商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用展开分析，从企业层面为中国出口增长“奇迹”提供来自金融视角的证据。本文在异质企业出口模型中引入商业信贷和银行信贷，论证商业信贷和银行信贷通过缓解出口成本融资约束影响企业出口参与，并运用中国制造业企业和IVprobit估计方法进行实证检验。本文发现：（1）改善商业信贷和银行信贷融资状况会提高企业出口概率；（2）商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用有利于企业参与出口；（3）商业信贷对企业出口参与的作用不受企业所有制、企业规模、行业竞争性和企业出口固定成本差异的影响，银行信贷的作用则受上述差异的影响，商业信贷对银行信贷的促进作用受企业所有制和企业规模差异的影响。因此，发展信贷融资、建立商业信贷和银行信贷的互融互通机制，是加快中国出口增长的重要举措。