“单独二孩”政策将释放多少生育潜能?

2014年"单独"政策放开时,湖北省累积的"单独"家庭测算总数为62.94万个。依据政策执行后的情况以及专题调研的数据推算,政策调整之后,从中释放的新增人口总计可达19.6万人,即会生育第二个子女的家庭将占累积"单独"家庭总量的31.15%,并在2015²017年形成生育小高峰。由于政策不变时的人口和生育基数不同,"单独"政策效果在城市中将更为明显。"单独"家庭的生育意愿,无论是在生育数量上还是在生育时间方面,都将有一定的变动空间,但是城乡居民生育水平不会出现大幅度上升。     

中国人口、人力资本变化趋势

利用多状态人口预测模型,以2000年人口普查为基础数据,在对数据进行评估和修订的基础上,综合相关研究成果对未来生育水平、死亡水平、人口迁移和教育转换等参数进行估计,预测了2000年到2030年人口规模的变化,对未来人口的年龄结构特别是老龄化和未来人口和劳动年龄人口的人力资本进行了预测,并分析了城市化和人口迁移对我国未来人口发展的影响。预测结果对我国编制人口规划、制定应对老龄化、提高人力资本和合理利用劳动力的有关政策具有重要意义。     

全面放开二胎政策对人口出生率的影响研究——以唐山市为例

2016年1月1日,全面二孩政策在我国开始正式实施,这是我国生育政策的重大调整.本项目立足于全面放开二胎政策,以唐山市已育居民为调研对象,估计人们的二胎生育水平,基于logistic回归分析二胎出生率的影响因素及其分布特征;并构建二次多项式曲线模型,预测全面放开二胎政策后的人口出生率及未来人口的发展趋势,为我国二胎政策的推行提供科学有效的数据支撑.     

关于调整生育政策可行性的思考 ——以经济发展对生育影响的角度为基础

随着我国生育率的持续下降,生育政策是否有立刻调整的必要性。生育政策在控制人口方面究竟起到了多大的作用,经济发展对人口增长率的持续降低贡献了多少力量,生育意愿与生育水平的差异、以及人口惯性的存在是否对生育政策调整有所启示?本文结合国内外经济发展和出生率的数据,探索经济发展与出生率之间是否存在显著的关系,以及存在怎样的关系,怎样对其进行解释;并从我国现行的人口政策与经济发展水平出发,结合生育意愿和生育行为的差异,并运用人口惯性理论,对生育政策提出自己的见解。     

人口老龄化、消费支出与医疗保险可持续性

本文从理论和实证两个角度,以老年人口消费支出为切入点,构建了一个简单的两期OLG模型,选取2000年-2014年的时间序列数据,利用门槛回归模型估计方法进行实证分析,深入探索人口老龄化对医疗保险可持续性的影响。实证结果表明,人口老龄化对医疗保险可持续性影响存在"U"型的特点。如果老年人口消费支出高于某个临界值,老龄化对于医疗保险的可持续性具有正向影响;如果老年人口消费支出低于某个临界值,老龄化对于医疗保险的可持续性具有不利影响。临界值(门槛值)估计为老年人口消费支出占DGP的19%左右(OLS估计为18.9657%,GMM估计为19.1645%)。基于以上研究发现,本文提出加快建立覆盖全国的社会养老保障体系、应该合理地调整我国的生育政策和退休政策、实施银色经济发展战略,大力发展老龄金融和老年房地产业,提高老年人口的收入水平和消费能力,提高我国医疗保险的可持续性。     

中国完善生育政策战略研究—基于“十二五”期间放开“单独”的思考

生育政策对人口发展具有先导性、递延性,生育政策通过调控出生人口,渐次影响人口发展全局。须在科学预判人口发展趋势的基础上,不同时期制定不同导向的生育政策。通过测算表明,放开"双独"、"单独"、"全面二孩"等生育政策,分别有占总人口4.1%、18.8%、24.0%的人群获益。应遵循"公平性、时机性、渐进性、均衡性"的原则,逐步完善生育政策。     

对人口的客观规律性要抱有敬畏感--读“中国未来生育政策的选择”

乔晓春和任强的文章(下称乔任文)题目为"中国未来生育政策的选择",但涵盖的内容却十分广泛,包括在过去三十多年来对计划生育认识的演变、关于我国目前生育水平的争论、国际上面对低生育率的经验教训、在不同生育水平的条件下我国人口的未来变化前景,等等.在文末关于生育政策的讨论中,作者呼吁"不要错过政策调整的最佳时机".作者对中国人口变动趋势的关注溢于言表,对中国人口变动前景的忧虑笔透纸背.     

浅议单独两孩

2013年11月15日,《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》宣布了人口与生育政策的重大调整"坚持计划生育的基本国策,启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策,逐步调整完善生育政策,促进人口长期均衡发展。"随后中共中央、国务院印发了《关于调整完善生育政策的意见》,对如何落实这个政策提出了具体措施办法和意见。     

中国未来生育政策的选择

近年来社会上对是否应该放开中国的计划生育政策有很多争论。争论的起因是由于一些调查数据反映的和某些学者估计出的我国目前生育率非常低;鉴于低生育率已经给比较发达的国家带来了很多问题,所以有人呼吁中国的生育政策应该放开。通过对放开生育政策和不放开生育政策两种情形可能导致的人口学后果进行估计,结合国外的经验和教训,从低生育率的长期后果来分析如何合理地选择生育政策。为了避免人口达到零增长后的快速负增长、快速老龄化和人口规模的迅速减少,国家应该密切关注人们生育意愿的变化,必须在适当的时候放开生育政策,使生育水平保持在2.0左右,从而尽可能地避免长期的、过快的负增长给国家和社会带来更为严重的人口与社会经济问题。     

中国人口规模与结构问题及相关政策调整

驳斥了试图通过放松生育政策、调高目前生育水平以解决我国人口结构问题的观点。保持现在的低生育水平,慢慢"消耗"建国以来历次生育高峰带来的"历史"欠帐,是当前我国人口政策最为明智的选择。提出通过其它相关政策措施以改善我国的人口结构。     

Does population control lead to better child quality? Evidence from China’s one-child policy enforcement

Scholarly evidence on the quantity-quality trade-off is mixed in part because of the identification challenge due to endogenous family size. This paper provides new evidence of the causal effect of child quantity on child quality by exploiting regional differences in the enforcement intensity of China’s one-child policy (OCP) as an exogenous source of variation in family size. Using the percentage of current mothers of primary childbearing age who gave a higher order birth in 1981, we construct a quantitative indicator of the extent of local violation of the OCP, referred to as the excess fertility rate (EFR). We then use regional differences in EFRs, net differences in pre-existing fertility preferences and socio-economic characteristics, to proxy for regional differences in OCP enforcement intensity. Using micro data from the Chinese Population Censuses, we find that prefectures with stricter enforcement of the OCP have experienced larger declines in family size and also greater improvements in children’s education. Despite the evident trade-off between family size and child quality in China, our quantitative estimates suggest that China’s OCP makes only a modest contribution to the development of its human capital.     

A general equilibrium analysis of parental leave policies

Despite mandatory parental leave policies being a prevalent feature of labor markets in developed countries, their aggregate effects in the economy are not well understood. To assess their quantitative impact, we develop a general equilibrium model of fertility and labor market decisions that builds on the labor matching framework of Mortensen and Pissarides (1994). We find that females gain substantially with generous policies but this benefit occurs at the expense of a reduction in the welfare of males. Leave policies have important effects on fertility, leave taking decisions, and employment. These effects are mainly driven by how the policy affects bargaining – young females anticipate future states with higher threat points induced by the policy. Because the realization of these states depends on the decisions of females to give birth and take a leave, leave policies effectively subsidize fertility and leave taking. We also find that generous paid parental leaves can be an effective tool to encourage mothers to spend time with their children after giving birth.     

Nutrition and the fertility of younger women in Kinshasa,Zaire

This paper examines the relationship between various measures of household nutrition and fertility in Zaire (where malnutrition is rampant), in particular, the total effect of these nutrition measures on the length of time between births when infant mortality rates are held constant. Closed birth intervals (including average birth interval and length of 1st and 2nd closed birth intervals) and probability of occurrence of 2nd birth after the 1st birth, whether or not the 2nd birth occurred before the survey date, are examined to provide support to the hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between calorie consumption and interval between births. Data used for analysis are households (taken from the 1969 Socio-Economic Survey of Kinshasa) headed by a man with only 1 wife (aged 20-24 years at survey date). The main policy implication of the study is that rises in calorie consumption associated with the early stages of modernization may be expected to increase fertility in noncontracepting populations if there is no change in infant mortality rates. If infant mortlaity declines, the total effect of an increase in calorie consumption on the fertility of women is ambiguous. Another implication is that if calorie consumption can be held constant and protein consumption increases, both infant mortality and fertility may fall. A fall in infant mortality may result in a fall in fertility, although the average length of the period of postpartum amenorrhea may fall. A combined examination of similar data from other cities of Zaire and a cross time study of other data sets may help unravel the complex biological and behavioral determinants of fertility.     

胎次-激化双重效应:中国生育政策与出生性别比关系的理论构建与实证研究

通过构建"胎次-激化双重效应"理论模型,解读生育政策与出生性别比关联的潜在机制,并利用宏观数据予以检验。政策与出生性别比的失衡存在直接和间接双重关系;生育政策的刚性制约和一孩半生育政策赋予胎次和激化效应特殊含义:(1)一孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比偏高、一孩半政策地区二胎及以上胎次的出生性别比极度失衡,显现"激化效应";(2)政策的多样性使部分低位女胎与男胎一样受欢迎,使一孩半政策及二孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比趋于正常,产生"胎次效应"。可见,政策越强,低位和高位女胎都不受重视,均会遭遇人工流产;相反,在相对宽松的政策环境下,低位女胎所受的歧视程度相对减弱。     

Short-run fluctuations in fertility and mortality in pre-industrial Sweden

This paper describes and interprets annual Swedish data from 1750 to 1869 on weather, harvests, real wages, birth rates, and death rates using vector autogression. Impulses due to unexplained increases in wealth, whether this occurred through increased real wages, improved agricultural yields, or warmer winters, led in the short run to increased fertility and decreased infant and non-infant mortality, and hence to increased rates of population growth. Unexplained or unanticipated fluctuations in infant mortality led to replacement cycles in fertility within one to three years, although only a negligible cumulative effect on fertility persisted after five to ten years. Fluctuations in deaths among persons older than one year evoked a fertility response several years later, but this replacement response persisted after more than a decade. Although vector autoregression is not designed to account for long-term trends and their consequences, the interrelationships found here among exogenous weather shocks and fluctuations in economic conditions and demographic rates provide support for the homeostatic mechanisms hypothesized by classical economists and discussed by Malthus. The methodology of vector autoregression appears useful for studying historical series on climatic, economic and demographic variables where we do not yet have a sufficient theoretical foundation for specifying and estimating structural models.     

人口和计划生育利益导向政策研究:回顾与前瞻

人口和计划生育利益导向政策的发展经历了从最初简单的节育手术等节制生育的服务措施,到明确将利益导向政策上升到国家制度层面,再到全面建设和发展利益导向政策体系的几个重要阶段。随着计划生育政策目标由降低生育率向稳定低生育水平、统筹解决人口问题、实现人口长期均衡发展的转变,利益导向方法、手段与措施的不断丰富与拓展,人口和计划生育利益导向政策也面临着人口和计划生育利益导向政策的科学评估、普惠政策与利益导向政策协调机制的建立与完善、人口长期均衡发展背景下计划生育利益导向政策走向的明确等-系列新的研究课题。     

生育政策调整是否会影响我国“碳达峰”目标的实现?——基于STIRPAT和Leslie模型的实证研究

以中国人口生育政策调整为研究背景,基于STIRPAT模型和Leslie模型综合考察中国人口生育政策调整可能对实现“我国二氧化碳排放力争2030年前达到峰值”目标所带来的影响。结果表明,除了经济发展水平、能源技术水平、能源消费结构等因素外,人口年龄结构对人均碳排放也具有显著影响。在论文设置的四种生育率情景下,人口总量峰值分别出现在2025年、2027年、2031年和2027年。若生育政策调整能够有效提高社会总和生育率,人口规模和人口年龄结构的变化会使碳排放总量峰值推后出现。因此,中国逐步放宽的人口生育政策可能会给实现碳达峰目标带来一定压力。     

The Output-inflation Tradeoff and Central Bank Reform: Evidence From New Zealand

The 1989 Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act provides a natural experiment in which the effects of institutional change on economic relationships can be studied. The Act set price stability as the single objective of monetary policy and gave the Bank great independence. Reforms of this nature may lead to a greater short-run output-inflation tradeoff by altering optimal stabilisation policy and wage indexation. Allowing for environments where 'learning' about the new regime is assumed to be rapid as well as slow, we find that a large rise in the New Zealand tradeoff has occurre d since implementation of the Act     

Fertility,Female Labor Supply,and Family Policy

The present paper develops an overlapping generations general equilibrium model for Germany in order to study the impact of public policy on household labor supply and fertility decisions. Starting from a benchmark equilibrium which reflects the current German family policy regime we introduce various reforms of the tax and child benefit system and quantify the consequences for birth rates and female labor supply. Our simulations indicate three central results: First, higher transfers to families (either direct, in‐kind or via family splitting) may increase birth rates significantly, but they may come at the cost of lower female employment. Second, the introduction of individual taxation (instead of joint taxation of couples) would increase female employment but might further reduce current birth rates in Germany. Third, it is possible to increase birth rates and female employment rates simultaneously if the government invests in child care facilities for children of all ages.