凯恩斯的预期理论及其评述

凯恩斯的预期理论主要体现在《货币改革论》、《货币论》和《就业、利息和货币通论》等著作中。凯恩斯的预期理论是直接为他的政府干预主张服务的。凯恩斯的预期理论在经济学的发展过程中具有重大的意义,但也存在着诸种不足。     

有效需求、货币利息率与凯恩斯革命——纪念《就业、利息与货币通论》出版八十周年

凯恩斯革命无疑是20世纪经济科学中的大事,但由于《就业、利息与货币通论》的高度争论性和晦涩难懂,关于凯恩斯对经济学的具体贡献一直存在着争议.凯思斯认为作为传统就业理论的劳动供给理论、萨伊定律和利率理论均建立在特殊假设前提之上,这使得传统经济学成为分析特定经济状态的特殊经济学.凯恩斯提出了有效需求原理作为一种新的就业理论和一般性的经济分析框架.其中,企业家对未来市场需求的预期、生产成本条件和企业家之间的竞争决定了均衡就业水平.同时,货币的特殊性质使得货币利息率维持在较高水平,阻碍了投资增长,造成有效需求不足,使得经济停滞在非充分就业的均衡.因此,凯恩斯的有效需求原理是以建立在货币特殊性质基础上的利息率理论为中心环节的一般性的就业理论.但《就业、利息与货币通论》之后的宏观经济学并没有沿着有效需求原理的逻辑发展,凯恩斯革命被逆转了.     

对新古典经济学的“破”与“立”以及经济运行规则的探析--读《就业、利息和货币通论》

本文通过介绍凯恩斯的《就业、利息和货币通论》（以下简称《通论》）的主要思想内容,然后总结书中对传统经济学理论的推陈出新,清理书中所归纳的经济运行的规则,从而系统的展现《通论》的精华。     

论凯恩斯“就业一般理论”思想发展过程的主要特点

<正> 凯恩斯是一个以传统的货币学者起家,转而以建立非传统的就业、产量一般理论为主攻方向的经济学家;与此相应,他由信奉萨伊定律、歌颂自由放任全面转向倡导政府干预。在其后半生中,他的三部主要专著——《货币改革论》(1923)、《货币论》(1930)和《就业、利息和货币通论》(1936)在理论体系和政策主张方面,前后差异很大。可以说,这三部著作是凯     

水平主义对凯恩斯货币思想的重构及其政策启示

后凯恩斯主义中的水平主义继承了凯恩斯《货币论》《就业、利息和货币通论》和"后通论文本"中的货币内生和非中性思想,并发展出"生产的货币理论"的完整框架,认为在复杂的经济系统中,信用货币数量受经济主体的融资需求驱动,基础货币供给由银行体系的储备需求决定,而利率则是货币当局设定的外生变量和主要的货币政策工具,经济主体"获利的希望"和"能支配足够的资金"共同决定宏观经济的规模和速度.水平主义的理论图景与政策主张有利于深化对货币本质和运动规律,以及货币政策作用机制与有效性的认识.     

回归凯恩斯-写于《通论》发表70周年

"充分信心的预期"是新古典经济学理论的一个基本假设。《通论》可以看成是对新古典这一假设之革命。凯恩斯的产量决定过程可以理解为一个乘数过程,该乘数过程也同时反映为一个市场交易过程:Javits中心的交易日。与新古典理论所隐含的交易过程,即瓦尔拉斯的交易过程相比,Javits中心的交易日似乎更接近现实,而这样一个过程也能很好地解释了货币的循环。对于凯恩斯理论缺乏微观基础的批判并不意味着其微观基础不存在,而这恰恰是经济学的研究方向。与新古典理论相比,凯恩斯理论更适合于解释中国当前的市场经济。     

论快速增长与“丰裕中贫困”

一、理论的背景 “丰裕中贫困”是凯恩斯在《就业、利息和货币通论》中所用的“poverty in the midst ofplenty”一语的译文。在《通论》中,他指出,     

新凯恩斯主义货币经济学的新发展

垄断竞争和价格的刚性是新凯恩斯经济学的两大基础。垄断竞争造成了经济中的无效率;而价格调整的刚性则被认为是造成经济波动的重要因素。近年来,新凯恩斯主义的货币经济学通过结合垄断竞争和名义刚性两大理论基石,形成了一个标准的货币分析框架,即新新古典综合理论。新凯恩斯主义货币经济学的这次综合在充分吸收了理性预期等新古典经济学概念的同时,从本质上改变了传统的凯恩斯经济理论。     

回归凯恩斯——写于《通论》发表70周年

“充分信心的预期”是新古典经济学理论的一个基本假设。《通论》可以看成是对新古典这一假设之革命。凯恩斯的产量决定过程可以理解为一个乘数过程，该乘数过程也同时反映为一个市场交易过程：Javits中心的交易日。与新古典理论所隐含的交易过程，即瓦尔拉斯的交易过程相比，Javits中心的交易日似乎更接近现实，而这样一个过程也能很好地解释了货币的循环。对于凯恩斯理论缺乏微观基础的批判并不意味着其微观基础不存在，而这恰恰是经济学的研究方向。与新古典理论相比，凯恩斯理论更适合于解释中国当前的市场经济。     

图书推介

《凯恩斯革命的前世今生：约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯及其〈就业、利息和货币通论〉》李井奎著/东北财经大学出版社/2016.7
　　作者简介
　　李井奎，浙江财经大学经济学院经济系主任，浙江大学科斯经济研究中心研究员，副教授，主要从事微观经济学和经济思想史研究。     

Money Creation in the Eurozone: An Empirical Assessment of the Endogenous and the Exogenous Money Theories

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to strengthen our understanding of the money creation process in the Eurozone for 1999–2016 period, through an empirical assessment of two main monetary theories, namely the (Post Keynesian) endogenous money theory and the (Monetarist) exogenous money theory. By applying a VAR and VECM methodology, we analyse the causal relationship among monetary reserves (or monetary base), bank deposits and bank loans. Our empirical analysis supports several propositions of the Post Keynesian endogenous money theory since (i) bank loans determine bank deposits, and (ii) bank deposits in turn determine monetary reserves.     

The nature and role of monetary policy when money is endogenous

This paper considers the nature and role of monetary policywhen money is modelled as credit money endogenously createdwithin the private sector. There are currently two schools ofthought that view money as endogenous: one has been labelledthe ‘new consensus’ in macroeconomics, and the otheris the Keynesian endogenous (bank) money approach. The paperfirst explores the analysis of monetary policy in the ‘newconsensus’ macroeconomic model, followed by an examinationof the effectiveness of monetary policy in that analysis. TheKeynesian view of endogenous money is discussed, and the rolefor monetary policy in a Keynesian endogenous monetary policyanalysis is considered, including discussion of the objectivesand instruments of monetary policy.     

The Role of credit in a Keynesian monetary economy

Abstract

This paper describes the features of a monetary economy on the basis of Keynes's distinction between a real exchange economy and a monetary economy. In The General Theory, Keynes identifies the reasons for the non-neutrality of money by highlighting the store of wealth function of money; this approach has been adopted by most Keynesian economists. The aim of this paper is to show that such an approach only partially explains the reasons for money non-neutrality and that important elements which demonstrate the relevance of monetary variables emerge when the means of payment function of money is considered. Investigating the role of this function requires that we deal explicitly with how spending decisions are financed. The paper argues that the market for credit must be considered separately from the market for money, and that a viable credit theory can be built from Keynes's post-General Theory writings.     

财政货币政策效果变化的传导机制缺陷及克服之策

宏观调控理论是政府利用财政、货币政策工具影响总需求,进而影响总产量GDP的理论。这一理论产生于凯恩斯革命,经过了70年的发展、演变,形成了完善、成熟的理论体系。全面、系统、深入地研究政策工具的传导机制和政策效果的变化,对我们当前运用财政、货币政策调控经济,保证中国经济能够快速、稳定、健康增长具有重要的理论借鉴意义。     

Firms’ money demand and monetary policy

Standard New Keynesian models for monetary policy analysis are ‘cashless’. When the nominal interest rate is the central bank's operating instrument, the LM equation is endogenous and, it is argued, can be ignored. The modern theoretical and quantitative debate on the importance of money for monetary policy conduct, however, overlooks firms’ money demand. Working in an otherwise canonical New Keynesian setup, we show that macroeconomic dynamics are critically affected by the firms’ money demand choice. Under the conventional Taylor‐rule framework, we prove that equilibrium determinacy may require either an active interest rate policy, overreacting to inflation, or a passive interest rate policy, underreacting to inflation, depending on the elasticity of production with respect to cash balances. We then develop a numerical analysis to evaluate our theoretical results. We find that macroeconomic stability is more likely to occur under an active, but not overly aggressive, monetary policy stance. We also examine the dynamic effects of forward‐looking feedback rules. We show that, in this policy regime, indeterminacy is likely to be induced by both active and passive rules, even for relatively low productivity effects of money.     

基于新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线的中国货币状况指数构建及其应用

实证研究表明,我国的菲利普斯曲线是一条兼顾前瞻性和后顾性的新凯恩斯混合型菲利普斯曲线。有鉴于此,本文通过构建一个新凯恩混合斯菲利普斯曲线方程来估计中国MCI的权重。对这一新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线方程的GMM估计结果表明,中国MCI三个要素（利率、汇率和货币供应量）的权重比例为1：9.8：35.1。分析显示我们构建的MCI指数走势很好地对应了中国通货膨胀的反向运动。进一步的计量和统计分析表明,我们构建的MCI指数不但可以作为中国货币政策的信息指示器,还是一个潜在的货币政策操作目标变量,但还不足以用作诸如BT型和Ball型等形式的货币政策规则。     

Kalecki on money and finance

It is argued that Kalecki had a greater appreciation of the role of the monetary sector than has been generally recognized, and that Kalecki presented ideas which can be seen as now embedded in the structuralist post Keynesian analysis of endogenous money and in the circuitist approach. Six key features of Kalecki's monetary analysis are identified. The paper outlines Kalecki's dismissal of the ‘Pigou effect’ and the ‘Keynes effect’, and then discussion the relationship between the ‘principle of increasing risk’ and the nature of the supply of credit. It discusses interest determination in Kalecki's writings and the manner in which he distinguished different types of money.     

A two-pillar DSGE monetary policy model for the euro area

The current financial crisis has revived the interest for monitoring both monetary and credit developments. Over the past two decades, consistent with the adoption of inflation targeting strategies by a growing number of central banks and the development of New Keynesian models for which monetary aggregates are largely irrelevant, money and credit have been progressively neglected in the conduct of monetary policy. A striking exception has been the Eurosystem, which has implemented a strategy known as the “two-pillar monetary policy strategy” giving a prominent role for money. In this paper, we develop a small optimizing model based on Ireland (2004), estimated on euro area data and featuring this two-pillar strategy. We evaluate an ECB-style cross-checking policy rule in a DSGE model with real balance effects of money. We find some evidence that indeed money plays a non-trivial role in explaining the euro area business cycle. This provides a rationale for the central bank to factor in monetary developments but also raises some issues regarding the reliability of M3 as an appropriate monetary indicator. We find some evidence that the ECB has systematically reacted to a filtered measure of money growth but weak evidence it has reacted more aggressively during excess money growth periods.     

Cambridge's Contribution to Endogenous Money: Robinson and Kahn on credit and money

It is often claimed by American Post Keynesians that the theories of endogenous money originated in the mid-1950s as a result of articles published by Nicholas Kaldor and Hyman Minsky. This paper offers another possibility. It argues that, in the mid-1950s, both Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn offered insights into the workings of a credit economy that have been largely ignored by Post Keynesians and that are consistent with Post Keynesian monetary theory.     

货币冲击与中国经济波动——基于DSGE模型的数量分析

基于1993~2008年的季度数据,本文在一个包含Calvo价格粘性的新凯恩斯主义模型中,讨论了中国货币冲击与经济增长的关系。在假定货币政策通过调整货币供给增长实施的前提下,本文根据模型模拟和实际数据的对比以及脉冲响应函数分析得出以下结论:(1)货币并非我国经济波动根源,实际产出对货币供给具有一定反馈作用。(2)通货膨胀的顺周期性和领先增长表明中国经济周期存在总需求拉动的特性。物价波动在中短期主要由货币供应量波动引起。(3)货币政策对实体经济有效但效果有限,货币供给变动对投资的作用效力更大,对消费需求刺激有限。