创客模式与战略变革契合及实现路径研究

人类进入近现代工业文明后,创新大致可以分为精英个体创新、社团组织创新和大众协同创新3个阶段。在大众协同创新日渐兴起的现阶段,创客基于大众创新和万众制造等基本属性,成为大众创新的典型和社会实践力推。创客模式所具备的创意性源头、定制化创新、柔性化生产和网络化服务等特征使其与当下的创新变革、消费变革、产业变革和社会变革等时代内涵高度契合,进而奠定其战略地位和发展态势。目前,创客创新生态系统构建应着力于3个层面：深蕴创客创意的社会创新文化、科学高效的创客空间载体平台、高度适配的新型产业体系。     

众创空间嵌入的多层次创新生态系统：概念模型与创新机制

众创空间的快速发展引发了学者对创新空间组织和创新生态系统的进一步思考。基于对大量众创空间及创客样本的深度调查，构建了众创空间嵌入的多层次创新生态系统概念模型。研究发现，众创空间形成了一种融合创新主体功能及创新环境功能的次生生态，承担着创客与多种创新主体间的接口功能，并且向上向下横向连接了不同范围层级的创新生态圈。在多层次创新生态系统中，众创空间创新功能的实现依赖于自组织演化、开放式协同和跨层级交互3种机制。众创空间的出现和发展为创新生态系统理论提供了直接的实践依据，并丰富了创新生态系统理论的层次和内涵。     

改革开放以来中国低技术制造业的创新研究

基于创新理论,探讨了中国在实现经济体制转型、适应信息化与经济全球化的改革开放进程中低技术制造业发展的原因与"中国价格"特征,描述了中国低技术制造业在企业制度创新、产业组织创新以及技术创新方面表现出的阶段性特征。本文对于认识改革开放以来中国低技术制造业的创新过程和发展模式、探讨中国的工业化进程和创新模式具有一定的理论价值和实践意义。     

H-S-R三维结构视角下众创空间智力资本协同创新对创客创新绩效的影响

众创空间作为承接大众创业、万众创新的新业态载体，其建设和发展成为国家及地方政府重要的发力点。智力资本作为知识经济的基础，其价值创造实现以知识转移和吸收为主要形式，以科技创新为目标，以知识共享和交互平台为依托。据此，基于智力资本“H-S-R”三维视角，采用单案例研究，以飞马旅空间5i center为例，从知识资源匹配、知识资源吸收、转移和交互、知识增值三阶段动态解读协同创新环境—智力资本—知识—创客绩效四重互动模式及其动态效应。最后，构建众创空间智力资本协同创新影响创客创新绩效的理论模型，以期优化众创空间的创新流程与功能，提升“双创”情境下众创空间创新创业服务能力。     

创客空间商业模式实证研究

“创客运动”正以独特的方式和效率影响着企业的商业形态,其所构建的物理空间已成为企业创意摇篮、创业孵化池和创新服务平台。在商业模式创新层面,高效率、系统化和科学化的商业模式是驱动企业快速发展的加速器;在创客空间构建层面,研究创客空间商业模式有助于促进企业技术转移机制创新和推动国家创新战略的实施。通过对国内外成功运营的创客空间商业模式进行研究,总结了公益性社区模式、专业化区域模式和生态链式连锁模式3种创客空间的典型商业模式,可为发展创客空间提供有益参考。     

“双创”时代高校创客空间的复杂适应系统分析及优化策略

“大众创业、万众创新”时代,创客空间建设已成为高校扶持大学生创业的主流模式和重要举措。基于复杂适应系统（CAS）理论,阐释了高校创客空间的开放性、非线性、自组织性和涌现性等系统特征,指出高校创客空间的演进过程包括接触和交互两个阶段,在其演进过程中,标识机制和积木机制扮演着重要角色。最后,从CAS视角提出促进高校创客空间发展和系统优化的建议。     

创新驱动经济增长:创客模式与传统创新模式比较研究

首先,对全球创客的发展史进行梳理,通过对比传统创新模式与创客模式下的创新流程差异,构建"知识—生产"两部门模型,从理论角度测度创客模式由于知识高度共享而深度释放的经济增长效应。然后,以上述理论模型为依据构造创客指数,用于衡量理想状态下各地区由于市场、经济以及制度安排等因素不同而带来的经济增长效应的相对差异,并讨论了两种创新模式与经济增长之间的具体作用机制以及二者分别适用的市场类型。     

众创空间支持对大学生创客团队创新绩效影响机制研究

众创空间是创客运动的主要载体，为大学生创客团队提供最直接的创新环境和服务。首先，基于组织支持理论，提出众创空间支持构念，并将其分为众创空间创新氛围和众创空间项目运作支持两个维度；其次，研究众创空间支持对大学生创客团队创新绩效的影响，分析大学生创客团队创新能力与大学生创客团队效能感在以上关系中所起的中介作用和调节作用。以179个创客团队为研究样本，采用问卷调查法，实证发现众创空间支持的两个维度对大学生创客团队创新绩效均有显著正向影响；大学生创客团队创新能力在以上关系中起中介作用；大学生创客团队效能感正向调节大学生创客团队创新能力与创新绩效间的关系。     

煤炭城市产业转型的三维体系研究——基于技术创新与制度创新协同驱动视角

煤炭城市产业转型是国家重点发展战略,而"创新"是城市转型的主要驱动力。突破以往创新驱动力仅考虑技术创新或制度创新的单一线性思维方式,从创新协同驱动的崭新视角出发,构建了基于技术创新、制度创新和煤炭城市发展新生命周期的三维创新体系;同时提出了一条通过协同关系优化煤炭城市产业结构的"演化式"发展思路,对煤炭城市产业转型的创新理论及转型策略研究具有借鉴意义。     

众创空间嵌入的多层次创新生态系统：概念模型与创新机制

众创空间的快速发展引发了学者对创新空间组织和创新生态系统的进一步思考。基于对大量众创空间及创客样本的深度调查，构建了众创空间嵌入的多层次创新生态系统概念模型。研究发现，众创空间形成了一种融合创新主体功能及创新环境功能的次生生态，承担着创客与多种创新主体间的接口功能，并且向上向下横向连接了不同范围层级的创新生态圈。在多层次的创新生态系统中，众创空间创新功能的实现依赖于自组织演化、开放式协同和跨层级交互3种机制。众创空间的出现和发展为创新生态系统理论提供了直接的实践依据，并丰富了创新生态系统理论的层次和内涵。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Is wealth found in the soil or in the brain? Investing in farm people in Malawi

Should a typical developing country invest more in agriculture or education? At what stage of development is it optimal to invest more in each of these sectors? These are important questions that governments of developing countries grapple with when designing investment plans. In this paper, I propose a soil–human capital conceptual framework of development and use it to explain estimates of agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi. I use panel survey data for Malawi and rely on the exogenous education policy changes and spatial variation in access to schooling to identify effects of schooling on agricultural incomes. In addition, I correct for selection into income activities within a panel data and instrumental variables estimation framework. I find annual agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi of 3%–4% after correcting for selection and unobserved heterogeneity and 7% in the uncorrected specifications. I also find consistently higher returns to schooling in the nonagricultural sector for those not living in the village of birth and higher returns in the agricultural sector for those living in the village of birth. Given the size of the farm sector, wealth in Malawi is still in the soil, but that future growth in wealth depends on human capital investments.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.     

Gender Differences in Time-Poverty in Rural Mozambique

Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.     

Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.     

Agricultural Roots in Intergenerational Transfers in China

Economists have been interested in the motivations of intergenerational transfers, for different motivations affect the effectiveness of anti-poverty public transfers. However, one’s motivation is largely shaped by culture and social conventions. This paper sheds light on the influence of rice cultivation in intergenerational transfers in China. This is also the first time that economists consider cultural factors in the study of intergenerational transfers. Cultivating rice requires elaborate irrigation systems and large amounts of labor input so that rice farmers have to cooperate extensively with their neighbors, which has gradually shaped people’s value to be more inter-dependent. Based on micro-level data from CHARLS and sub-national rice data from China, our empirical results show strong evidence that individuals from rice regions are more likely to provide economic support for their parents. A one-percentage point increase in the share of rice in the total grain planting area will raise transfer incidence by 0.2–0.4 percentage points, and rice region residents transfer on average 300–400 yuan more in 2011 and about 1,000 yuan more in 2013 to their parents than those from wheat regions. Meanwhile they are more inclined to rely on their adult children for elderly support. Urban citizens are less affected. Using instrumental variable estimation, we are able to prove the effect is causal. With future continued deepening of population aging in China, relying on children for old age support may become more and more unrealistic, the government needs to coordinate the relationship between public transfer and private transfer to ensure the quality of life for the elderly.     

Interpreting fluctuations in output growth in China

Unlike in OECD countries, fluctuations in output growth in China are not straightforward in their interpretation. On the one hand, they reflect the business cycle, which results from shocks to aggregate demand. On the other hand, they also reflect the structural transformations that have accompanied China’s transition to a market economy. Demand shocks can be identified by virtue of the persistence of their impact. This paper decomposes the variance in provincial, regional, and national output growth according to its persistence characteristics. The results suggest that during the reform period, only a minority of output growth variance can be attributed to demand shocks and business cycle fluctuations. It is also found that there is substantial heterogeneity in the persistence characteristics of output growth across provinces. Implications of the findings for macroeconomic policy are discussed.