镍磷合金化学镀层技术在炼油装置中的应用

<正>一、前言沧州华海炼油化工有限责任公司常减压装置近几年主要加工含硫高酸胜利原油,并掺炼少量高硫塔河原油,加工的原油呈现劣质化趋势,特别是原油酸值逐渐升高,原油平均硫含量达到0.71Wt%,平均酸值达到0.88 mgKOH/g,虽未超设防值,但腐蚀仍然比较严重,尤其是高温重油部位的环烷酸腐蚀明显加重,严重威胁安全生产。     

脱盐脱氯技术在常减压装置应用效果分析

随着原油品质的恶化，原油中盐含量、酸值逐年增加。对现有装置的影响主要体现在常顶低温部分腐蚀及减压高温环烷酸腐蚀，存在极大的安全隐患。某600万吨/年常减压装置通过技术改造，在原油预处理环节增加了膜强化传质脱盐技术，并在常压塔顶循环流程增设除盐脱氯设施，对缓解装置低温腐蚀起到了很好的效果。     

常减压装置腐蚀分析及应对措施

常减压装置是炼油厂的重要原油加工装置,随着原油性质逐渐复杂化,腐蚀泄漏导致的事故也日益增多,直接威胁着装置的安全生产。在文章中分析了在加工含硫原油过程中设备腐蚀的原因,并结合装置实际情况提出了应对措施。     

原料缓冲罐腐蚀原因分析及对策

随着炼油厂加工高含硫原油比例的上升，设备面临的腐蚀问题越来越突出。文章针对加氧精制装置的原油缓冲罐的腐蚀情况进行分析，并提出可行的防腐措施。     

加工高酸原油防腐措施研究

石油工业中一般将硫含量小于0.11%的原油称为超低硫原油,含硫量0.11%～0.15%(m/m)的称为低硫原油,大于0.15%(m/m)的称为高硫原油。原油中存在有机酸性物质,酸值大于0.15mgKOH/g,称为高酸值原油,酸值大于1mgKOH/g时,高温部位腐蚀极为严重。目前,随着原油性质越来越差,各石化企业加工高酸值原油比例越来越大。为此,开展加工高硫高酸值原油防腐对策很有必要。     

常压塔顶空冷器腐蚀与防护

通过对常减压蒸馏装置常压塔顶空冷器腐蚀现象的分析,阐述了常减压蒸馏装置塔顶腐蚀的机理,根据实际情况,提出了加强"一脱三注"的工艺防腐以及选用耐腐蚀材料的防护具体措施。     

常减压装置硫化亚铁的生成与危害防护

对二套常减压装置低温轻油部位和高温重油部位硫腐蚀原因进行分析,指出装置硫化亚铁重点分布情况及其危害,并就装置运行期间硫腐蚀和停工打开设备后硫腐蚀产物─硫化亚铁发生自燃现象,从工艺和设备两方面提出减轻或避免危害的措施。     

常减压装置加工高硫原油防腐蚀技术

乌鲁木齐石化公司炼油厂二套常减压装置在加工高硫原油时,工艺设备和管道腐蚀严重。为此,采取了综合防腐蚀技术,收到了较好的效果:除了工艺"一脱三注"和采取原油分储分炼外,还在设备选材和材料表面处理方面采取了很多措施,如换热器管束渗铝;用ND钢制作空气预热器;用0Cr18Ni10Ti制作管束和16Mn R+0Cr18Ni10Ti复合板制作壳体,减压塔采用20g+1Cr13和20g+316L以抗高温硫、环烷酸腐蚀等。另外在一些设备的表面采取涂敷防腐涂料的措施。     

兰州石化500万吨减压装置管线成功碰接

本刊讯近日,兰州石化公司油品储运厂又传来喜讯,500万吨/年常减压装置原油抽油线成功碰接。据了解,石化公司油品储运厂在重点装置配套项目工程的建设当中,原油车间担负着新卸油栈桥建设的同时,还负责着500万吨/年常减压装置原油所有原油管线的碰接工作,其中包括原油管线的铺设以及12具原油储罐的管线碰接工作。目前,这项碰接工作已顺利完成。(兰州石化500万吨减压装置管线成功碰接@张小燕     

影响喷气燃料银片腐蚀的原因与对策

我厂常减压装置生产的3^#喷气燃料银片腐蚀不合格的原因有两个，一是原油品种变化大，航煤组成中硫和硫醇含量高，二是白土精制过程中使用的颗粒白土中游离酸的含量较高，新更换颗粒白土时，容易出现银片腐蚀不合格。通过改进脱硫醇工艺，选择合格的颗粒白土，并采用ZnO吸附剂，解决了喷气燃料银片腐蚀不合格的问题。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.