Environmental Performance Assessment of China's Manufacturing

This paper applies the data envelopment analysis approach to contribute to the debate on the environmental performance of China's manufacturing sector. Regional and periodic differences in environmental efficiency, environmental quantity and environmental change indexes in China's manufacturing sector are examined for the period between 1998 and 2002. Within the framework of data envelopment analysis and distance functions, environmental quantity and environmental change indexes are measured as variants of the Malmquist quantity index. The overall environmental efficiency of China's manufacturing sector is very low, indicating substantial potential to reduce pollution emissions in China's manufacturing industries. The results and implications of this study can provide helpful information to improve the environmental performance of China's manufacturing sector.     

基于主成分的BP神经网络煤层气产能预测方法

提出基于主成分的BP神经网络煤层气产能预测方法具有良好的仿真预测功能,预测结果相对误差平均1．67％,相对误差最大3．33％,最小0．22％,预测精度较高;为采用量化的排采参数预测煤层气产能提供了一种新方法。BP神经网络煤层气产能预测方法引入主成分分析,可以有效提高网络运行效率。对于产出关系不确定的煤层气井,可利用该方法获得排采参数到产气量的非线性映射关系,实现产量预测。     

Gender Inequalities and Economic Efficiency: New Evidence from Cassava‐based Farm Holdings in Rural South‐western Nigeria

Abstract: It is a widely accepted fact that persistent inequality between men and women constrains a society's productivity and ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Motivated by this, the study aim is to assess the possibilities of enhancing productivity gains by improving the efficiency of small‐scale agriculture through gender‐responsive intra‐household allocation of resources in south‐western Nigeria. The study adopts a stochastic parametric decomposition method which yields efficiency measures that are not distorted by statistical noise to estimate the efficiency level of resource allocation by small‐scale cassava producers. The results indicate that average overall productive efficiency in the sample was 75.78 per cent, implying that small‐scale cassava farmers in the sample could reduce total variable cost by 24.22 per cent if they reduce labour, fertilizer, land and capital applications to levels observed in the changing input mix (technical efficiency) and then obtain optimal input mix for the given input prices and technology (allocative efficiency). The average technical efficiency and allocative efficiency indexes for the sample were 82.2 per cent and 92.2 per cent respectively. Also, evidence from empirical analysis of data from the male respondents showed that the average economic, technical and allocative efficiency indexes were 88.06 per cent, 89.34 per cent and 78.67 per cent respectively while the same computed for the female sample were 94.9 per cent, 74.85 per cent and 71.03 per cent respectively. Labour was the most limiting factor in cassava production suggesting that the technologies that enhance the productivity of labour are likely to achieve significant positive effects on cassava production. The paper shares the notion that producers' control over the means of production and impact of development are related and has influence on the economic efficiency and growth of society. Again, technical inefficiency constituted a more serious problem than allocative inefficiency, thus most cost savings will accrue to improvement in technical efficiency.     

全球制造业传统与环境生产率变化及收敛性的比较论证

文章旨在通过2000-2009年期间数据研究制造业在全球经济体以及不同行业之间传统生产率以及能源生产率的变化趋势以及收敛特征。相比于传统生产率,在核算能源生产率过程中纳入了二氧化碳排放量等非期望型产出。分别采用DEA-Malmquist以及Global Malmquist Luenberger指数法测算两类生产率指数并进行比较分析,进而对分经济体以及分行业两类生产率进行了收敛性的检验。研究指出制造业在经济体之间以及行业之间的δ收敛特征均不明显,但除了重工业的传统生产率,其他分经济体以及分行业之间两类生产率都存在显著的绝对β收敛以及条件β收敛。总体上能源效率的收敛速度低于传统效率,但在不同行业及经济体之间,收敛的态势与表现存在较大的差异。     

政府干预、基础设施与绿色全要素生产率——来自黄河流域的经验证据

基于超效率SBM方向性距离函数以及ML生产率指数,测算黄河流域64个城市2004—2018年的绿色全要素生产率,并实证考察政府干预、基础设施对绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究表明,政府干预显著促进黄河流域绿色全要素生产率的提升,而基础设施对政府干预与绿色全要素生产率的关系产生重要影响,且具有显著门限效应,良好的基础设施是政府提升区域绿色发展效率的有利条件。     

Marketization,environmental regulation,and eco-friendly productivity: A Malmquist–Luenberger index for pollution emissions of large Chinese firms

Marketization requires individuals and firms to increase energy efficiency and improve environmental quality, and various levels of governments interested in environmental protection have adopted tough environmental regulations. This paper develops data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure unified efficiency at the firm level by introducing energy utilization and pollution emissions. A Malmquist–Luenberger efficiency model with undesirable output follows radial measurement by directional distance function type. We analyze green productive efficiency in relation to polluting emissions using a large dynamic panel dataset of 229,491 Chinese manufacturing firms from 1998 to 2012. We identify that marketization and environmental regulation both significantly facilitate green productivity. Further, our findings imply that both marketization and regulatory effects weakened from the tenth to the twelfth Five-Year Plans. Regarding effects across ownership type, green total factor productivity (TFP) growth of state-owned enterprises is significantly affected by regulation but not marketization. Private and foreign-owned firms are both significantly affected by marketization and regulation. Regionally, green TFP growth is positively associated with marketization and regulation in central China. East China’s green TFP growth is motivated by marketization, and West China’s green TFP growth is strongly driven by regulation.     

南京市高新技术企业整体竞争力比较分析

选取了12个副省级城市的高新技术企业发展数据,通过总量指标、人均指标,经济指标、科技指标的横向对比中,总体分析了南京市高新技术企业的整体竞争力状况,并得出以下结论:南京市高新技术企业总体竞争力较强,人均产值、劳动生产率等多项经济指标均位居前列,主要不足之处表现在出口规模及R&D经费投入水平上。     

环境约束下中国区域工业技术效率与生产率及其影响因素实证研究

本文运用方向性距离函数和曼奎斯特-卢恩伯格指数方法测算了环境约束下中国1998--2007年各地区工业技术效率、全要素生产率指数和环境规制成本,并对影响技术效率和全要素生产率增长的因素进行了实证分析。结果显示：环境技术效率呈现东、中、西依次递减,并且技术效率越高的地区,环境管制成本越低;考虑环境因素后,中国各地区工业全要素生产率指数降低,主要是由技术进步推动;环境约束下工业全要素生产率东部最高,西部次之,中部最低;人均GRP、FDI、工业结构、能源结构、人口密度对技术效率和全要素生产率有不同程度的影响。     

基于DEA-Malmquist指数法的宁夏制造业全要素生产率分析研究

运用2009-2018年10个行业的面板数据,使用数据包络分析（DEA）和Malmquist指数法的合成模型对宁夏回族自治区制造业及其十个细分行业的综合效率和全要素生产率变化进行分析。运用软件DEAP2.1进行数据的动态分析,得出了宁夏制造业生产率指数按不同时期和不同行业的分解。结果表明：宁夏制造业生产率年均增长为1.1%,而技术效率和规模效率出现年均0.6%和1.4%的衰退,对生产率产生了负面影响。因此,为了保证宁夏制造业生产率的增长,本文结合Malmquist指数法的分析结果从政府层面、企业层面和产业层面三个方面提出了合理的建议。     

中国各省份农业效率和全要素生产率增长——基于SBM方向性距离函数的实证分析

本文运用SBM方向性距离函数和Luenberger生产率指标测度了中国31个省份1995－2008年的农业效率和农业全要素生产率,并对影响农业效率和全要素生产率的因素进行了分析。研究结果发现：东部地区的农业无效率水平显著低于中西部地区,产出无效率、役畜投入无效率和播种面积无效率是中国农业无效率的主要来源。1995－2008年中国农业的全要素生产率增长率为5.58%,主要体现于技术进步和技术规模变化。东部地区的农业全要素生产率最高。农业从业人员教育水平的提高对中国农业效率和全要素生产率的提高起到推动作用,机械化的普及有利于中国农业全要素生产率的增长。     

碳减排对省际绿色全要素生产率的影响研究

探索提升绿色全要素生产率的动力源泉是推动经济高质量发展的重要抓手。实现“双碳”目标升级为国家战略,碳减排行动也成为地区应对气候变化、保障经济可持续发展的关键路径。基于 2002 至 2020 年省际面板数据,选取混合距离 EBM模型测度绿色全要素生产率,从排放、效率、非化石能源、气候绩效等多维度定量评价碳减排发展水平,采用固定效应模型和中介效应模型,分析碳减排发展对绿色全要素生产率的作用机理和效应。研究表明：总体来看,碳减排发展显著提升绿色全要素生产率;分区域来看,在西部、经济欠发达地区,碳减排对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用更显著;中介机制检验显示,碳减排能够通过提升能源效率、发展绿色金融间接促进绿色全要素生产率的增长。研究结论为地区差异化减排与低碳经济发展提供了重要启示。     

基于DEA模型的湖南省资源型城市效率变化研究

资源型城市效率是衡量资源型城市可持续发展水平的重要依据。利用DEA模型和Malmquist生产率指数,对2002和2009年湖南省资源型城市效率及变化进行了深入研究。研究发现,湖南资源型城市综合效率水平和效率最优城市数量下降明显;从分类特征来看,煤炭城市的综合效率呈上升趋势,有色冶金城市、黑色冶金城市和非金属城市皆呈下降趋势。从城市效率变化来看,城市综合效率的变化呈下降趋势,技术变化和城市生产率变化呈明显进步趋势;从分类特征来看,各类城市综合效率平均变化值小于1,呈下降趋势,煤炭城市由于技术进步使生产率提高58.2%,其余各类型城市皆呈下降趋势。     

Accounting and determinants analysis of China's provincial total factor productivity considering carbon emissions

One of the most undesirable output of China's rapid economic growth has been increasing carbon emissions. This study measures and analyzes the impact of carbon emissions on China's regional total factor productivity from 2000 to 2017. Using global Malmquist-Luenberger productivity indexes, we re-estimate the provincial total factor productivity taking carbon emission into account, comparing different assumptions of returns to scale and considering the rank reverse issue. The differences of technical progress and efficiency change across Chinese regional economies are also investigated and we found that the former was the primary contributor to improved Chinese provincial productivity performance. In addition, we analyze the influencing factors of productivity based on provincial panel data. Our results indicate that innovation capacity, energy and employment structure had significant impact on the provincial productivities while urbanization had a negative impact. A more sustainable development can be expected by expanding regional investment in R&D, adjusting and optimizing structures of regional industries and energies.     

河北省人力资本投资效率研究

利用全国30个省市的人力资本投资数据,采用DEA模型选取5个投入指标和3个产出指标,对河北省的人力资本投资效率进行研究.结果显示,河北省的人力资本投资综合效率和技术效率在全国同期水平中偏低,但规模效率略高于全国平均水平,主要是由于技术效率的偏低引起的综合效率较低,最后通过分析冗余值提出提高河北省人力资本投资效率的建议.     

环境约束下长江流域主要城市全要素生产率研究

文章采用方向性距离函数和Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数,对我国长江流域2003-2012年24个城市考虑环境因素和不考虑环境因素两种情形下的全要素生产率进行了测度。研究结果表明,考虑非期望产出时,技术无效率是长江流域主要城市的普遍现象,各城市之间投入产出效率差异大,但这种差异在逐渐缩小;长江流域城市全要素生产率不断增长,技术进步是其增长的主要源泉;多数城市技术效率明显恶化,成为阻碍长江流域城市绿色全要素生产率提高的主要原因;长江上游城市全要素生产率明显高于中下游城市;当考虑环境因素时,长江上、中游城市TFP增长幅度明显降低,下游城市开始出现"波特双赢"局面。     

中国高技术产业的劳动生产率差异——基于DEA的实证分析

本文运用数据包络分析,将中国高技术产业劳动生产率变化的源泉分解成技术效率、技术进步、资本深化和人力资本积累四个部分,分析了它们对劳动生产率及其差异的影响。2000-2009年间17个高技术产业的实证分析表明:(1)中国高技术产业劳动生产率水平有了显著提升,其中技术效率改善、技术进步和人力资本积累促进了劳动生产率的提高,资本深化则阻碍了劳动生产率的提高;(2)中国高技术产业的劳动生产率差异缩小了,其中技术效率变化、资本深化是劳动生产率差距缩小的主要原因,而技术进步和人力资本积累则阻碍了劳动生产率差距的缩小。     

电网企业技术进步与技术效率对生产率的影响测算

为了分析电网行业的生产率受技术进步和技术效率的影响程度,使用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数方法,以9家省电力公司为样本,对电网企业的技术和生产效率的动态变动情况进行了研究。结果表明,2005-2010年间样本电网企业的全要素生产率年平均增长率为3.2%,技术进步的贡献大于技术效率的贡献。技术效率指数表现不优是由于多数样本企业的实际规模与最佳规模之间的偏差较大。因此为了提高我国电网企业生产率,关键是提升效率特别是规模效率。     

Anti‐dumping Shock and the Productivity Response of Chinese Industries

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the productivity effects of antidumping (AD) measures on Chinese industries. Industry‐year panel data and generalized method of moments estimators are used in the empirical analysis. Productivity indicators are calculated using data envelope analysis. The empirical results show that China's industrial total factor productivity has improved under the pressure of AD measures taken by developed countries, and the mechanism inspires technological progress but hurts technological efficiency. Developing countries' AD measures have no significant productivity effects on China's targeted industries, except for slightly positive effects on technological efficiency. These results indicate that China should pay more attention to technological innovation and take different counter‐measures for different cases of AD measures.     

Productivity Growth,Technical Progress and Efficiency Change in African Agriculture

Abstract: The paper examines the economic performance of a large number of African countries using an international comparable data set and the latest technique for analysis. The paper focuses on growth in total factor productivity and its decomposition into technical change and efficiency change components. The analysis is undertaken using the data envelopment analysis (DEA). The present study uses data of 16 countries over the period 1970–2001. It was found that, globally, during that period, total factor productivity has experienced a positive evolution in sampled countries. This good performance of the agricultural sector was due to good progress in technical efficiency rather than technical progress. The region suffered a regression in productivity in the 1970s, and made some progress during the 1980s and 1990s. The study also highlights the fact that technical change has been the main constraint of achievement of high levels of total factor productivity during the reference period in sub‐Saharan Africa. Contrariwise, in Maghreb countries, technological change has been the main driving force of productivity growth. Finally, the results indicate that institutional factors as well as agro‐ecological factors are important determinants of agricultural productivity growth.     

Productivity growth, technological progress, and efficiency change in chinese agriculture after rural economic reforms: A DEA approach

This study applies a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to analyze total factor productivity, technology, and efficiency changes in Chinese agricultural production from 1984 to 1993. Twenty-nine provinces in China were classified into advanced-technology and low-technology categories. The Malmquist (1953) productivity measures were decomposed into two components: technical change index and efficiency change index. The results show that total factor productivity has risen in most provinces for both technology categories during the 1984–1993 period. Technical progress was mostly attributed to Chinese agricultural productivity growth after the rural economic reforms. The deterioration in technical efficiency in many provinces indicates China has great potential to increase productivity through improved technical efficiency. Enhancing rural education and research and development (R&D) in agriculture may also help farmers to improve technical efficiency and productivity in agricultural production.