Patent protection and foreign direct investment

The importance of development and use of products embodying intellectual property rights has increased dramatically. The growing share of knowledge‐intensive products in worldwide trade, together with the increase in international technological competition, has magnified the importance of patents and other forms of intellectual property. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of patent protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI). It also examines the relative importance of other variables such as market size, trade orientation, unemployment rates, and so on. The findings are supportive of the fact that the level of patent protection is a strong determinant of investment flows. A proper understanding of this relationship will help firms and governments devise appropriate intellectual property policy to encourage the growth and expansion of FDI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The importance of intellectual property protection to the American research-intensive pharmaceutical industry

The American research-intensive pharmaceutical industry is the world's most successful and competitive and one of the crown jewels of the U.S. industrial base. Among the principal reasons for its success is an unparalleled commitment to research and development, which in turn yields an impressive array of advanced biomedical therapies. Intellectual property protection is a cornerstone of the industry's existence. Like other industries, such as computer software and audio/video recordings, a major portion of the industry's cost of production is incurred in the development stage, rendering unauthorized copying both easy and profitable. The GATT Uruguay Round and the North American Free Trade Agreement have set high standards for pharmaceutical and other industries' intellectual property protection. Unfortunately, there will be delays until numerous countries implement these standards. These delays harm both the industry worldwide and individual countries where patent protection would attract investment and stimulate research and development.     

论特许经营中知识产权的滥用与规制

特许经营是21世纪国际经济贸易的主要商业经营模式。特许经营的核心是包括商标、专利、商业秘密等知识产权以及产品经销权、经营模式所构成的特许权的使用许可,特许人以此对被特许人进行持续的监督、控制。而知识产权本身是一种合法的垄断权,常常被滥用而引起限制竞争的效果。西方主要国家均对特许经营进行反垄断法规制,而且立法日趋严格,对我国具有借鉴意义,我国应建立完善以反垄断法为核心的法律体系,用以规制特许经营中的知识产权滥用行为。     

我国知识产权贸易竞争力分析及发展对策

知识产权贸易研究与商品及服务贸易研究相比寥若晨星,国内研究文献基本局限于定性的描述,缺乏对知识产权贸易内容的严格界定和定量分析。本文界定狭义知识产权贸易为专利许可服务贸易、商标许可贸易以及版权贸易,利用TC指数进行知识产权贸易竞争优势的国际比较,并在竞争优势框架内探讨我国知识产权贸易的发展。     

东道国知识产权保护、外商技术投入与贸易福利的门槛效应--来自中国的经验证据

加强知识产权保护是中国扩大对外开放过程中的必然要求。从社会总体福利角度分类型分析知识产权保护的贸易福利效应具有理论创新和经验检验价值。本文以投资东道国为视角,将知识产权保护、技术投入和贸易福利置于同一分析框架,理论及实证研究结果显示知识产权保护强度可通过改变海外企业技术投入决策,从消费者效用和企业收益两方面进一步影响贸易福利。虽然中国知识产权保护对贸易福利的影响存在门槛效应,且影响效果随产品类别和贸易形势的不同而存在显著差异,但中国仍具有进一步加强知识产权保护的制度空间。协调统筹涉外知识产权事宜,灵活把握知识产权保护力度,积极探索新兴领域知识产权保护规则是未来知识产权保护体系构建过程中的重点任务。     

商业秘密制度的法经济学分析

在经济学和法经济学领域,对商业秘密制度的研究要明显少于对版权、专利权等知识产权制度的其他形式的研究。与消费者直接相关的信息和知识不应属于企业的隐私,消费者有权知道消费品的全部真相,而保护强度超过版权和专利权的"超级专利权"的商业秘密制度大幅度地降低了消费者及整个社会的福利水平。     

WTO视角下中国(上海)自由贸易试验区知识产权保护问题探析

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区(简称"上海自贸区")不是世界贸易组织体制下的国际自由贸易区,而是根据《中国加入世界贸易组织议定书》所建立的国内特殊经济区。知识产权保护是世界贸易组织密切关注的重要议题,上海自贸区知识产权保护也是不可回避的焦点问题。"一线监管放开"的上海自贸区不是知识产权侵权的避风港,上海自贸区应当加强知识产权保护政策体系建设,严格知识产权海关执法;利用"先行先试"的优惠政策,在知识产权管理和执法体制方面为促进和完善国家知识产权政策体系提供示范效应,并为知识产权规则的国际协调提供实证支持。     

知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响及中国的对策

随着经济全球化的深入,知识产权保护的国际贸易化特征凸显,发达国家与发展中国家在与贸易有关的知识产权保护领域的矛盾与冲突加剧,国际市场及利益分配格局发生改变.充分认识知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响并制定相应的知识产权策略,是中国以及广大发展中国家的重要课题.     

我国企业构建知识产权战略分析

本文认为,知识产权是企业的无形资产,是企业品牌的主要支撑点,我国企业应从战略层面考虑提高自身的知识产权能力,从创新与知识产权的投资中获得巨大收益。第一,制定并积极实施国家知识产权战略,树立企业知识产权战略,从根本上改变我国企业在知识产权保护方面的不利地位;第二,设立独立、完整的知识产权管理部门,制定完善的知识产权管理制度;第三,积极申请专利和注册商标;第四,结成专利联盟或通过交叉许可与其他企业达成互不起诉协议;第五,利用合作、收购、兼并等方式获得知识产权;第六,增强企业自主创新能力,提升我国企业的国际竞争力。     

Intellectual Property and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Moral Crossroads Between Health and Property

The moral justification of intellectual property is often called into question when placed in the context of pharmaceutical patents and global health concerns. The theoretical accounts of both John Rawls and Robert Nozick provide an excellent ethical framework from which such questions can be clarified. While Nozick upholds an individuals right to intellectual property, based upon its conformation with Lockean notions of property and Nozicks ideas of just acquisition and transfer, Rawls emphasizes the importance of basic liberties, such as an individuals right to health, superceding such secondary rights as intellectual property rights. From a policy perspective, patent protection for pharmaceutical products necessarily entails the balancing of corporate intellectual property interests and public interests in healthcare. The moral dilemma that occurs when these two interests clash is not easily resolved. Aside from corporate and public interests, the state maintains an interest in creating and preserving policies that regulate the moral dilemma itself. This paper analyzes the economic and ethical factors surrounding the production and distribution of the anti-HIV medication, AZT. Potential policy implications and recommendations are also discussed.     

国际贸易中的知识产权保护问题及其对中国的启示

有效的知识产权保护对促进本国经济健康有序的发展，技术和资金的引进具有积极有效的作用。目前，中国在知识产权保护方面还存在着保护意识淡薄、惩罚力度不够、专利保护结构不合理、管理机构不强和专业人才不足等问题。有关部门应制定知识产权保护的战略，完善知识产权的立法工作，加强知识产权的执法力度，使企业自主创新能力不断提高，吸引具有先进技术的外资企业，减少国际贸易摩擦。     

双向知识产权保护对中国出口三元边际的影响

理论分析了双向知识产权保护对出口国出口三元边际的影响,并选取2005—2015年中国出口到世界65个国家的HS-6位贸易数据,构建引力模型进行了实证验证。主要结论是,国内加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类和数量,贸易伙伴国加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类;没有证据表明,国内或国外知识产权保护水平的提升会影响中国的出口价格;当国内知识产权保护更强时,双向知识产权保护对中国出口种类的促进作用都有所增强,反之则二者作用都不显著;分国家类型的研究表明,双向知识产权保护的同时加强更有益于中国向发展中国家出口产品种类的扩张,但对发达国家则不显著。     

The critical role of timing in managing intellectual property

In today's environment, timing is a critical part of business strategy. Nowhere is this truer than as regards managing intellectual property in an increasingly global marketplace. The creation and protection of intellectual property assets often depends on consistently taking the right legal action at the right time. The consequences of failing to do so can be disastrous but may only be felt at a later time or in other markets. The difficulty for business people lies in the fact that the time-sensitive aspects of intellectual property cannot be managed effectively by relying on intuition or resolving to see a lawyer when the need arises. This article provides a basic primer on the critical role of timing in identifying, creating, and protecting intellectual property assets. It discusses the most common types of intellectual property—patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets—and compares the role of timing in the creation and protection of each asset type. Most importantly, it summarizes the key issues of timing in the creation and protection of intellectual property.     

North-South trade and directed technical change

In a world where poor countries provide weak protection for intellectual property rights (IPRs), market integration shifts technical change in favor of rich nations. Through this channel, free-trade may amplify international wage differences. At the same time, integration with countries where IPRs are weakly protected can slow down the world growth rate. An important implication of these results is that protection of intellectual property is most beneficial in open countries. This prediction, which is novel in the literature, is consistent with evidence from a panel of 53 countries observed in the years 1965-1990. The paper also provides empirical support for the mechanism linking North-South trade to the direction of technical change: an increase in import penetration from low-wage, low-IPRs countries is followed by a sharp fall in R&D investment in a panel of US manufacturing sectors.     

Enlarging the Vision for Trade Policy Space: Special and Differentiated Treatment and Infant Industry Issues

NAMA liberalisation alone will not be sufficient to make the Doha Round a pro‐development Round. It is important to enlarge the vision to include, for example, services and certain aspects of intellectual property rights. Further the ‘policy space’ notion often mentioned when discussing trade‐development relations should not be defined as limited to trade policy. It should include the many non‐trade instruments (e.g. subsidies or taxes on goods and factors of production) that a government could use for development purposes. Infant industry protection is the oldest, but most risky, use of trade policy as a development policy. As a policy it could be successful only in a very limited number of sectors and it has little chance of providing the broad impetus needed for development.     

外国制造业知识产权保护及对我国的启示--以江苏省为例的分析

知识产权制度对现代制造业的发展发挥着积极作用.文章对外国尤其是美、日两国制造业知识产权保护进行考察;江苏完善地方知识产权法有利于促进江苏制造业尤其是高新技术产业的发展,对江苏从制造业大省转变为制造业强省具有重要意义,对我国区域制造业的发展也不无启迪作用.     

进口贸易、生产率与企业创新

本文借助2000-2013年中国工业企业数据库、企业专利数据库与海关进出口贸易数据库,构建了企业产品层面和行业层面的进口价值替代变量,并从生产率的角度,对进口促进我国企业创新的异质性影响进行了系统分析。研究发现,进口对企业创新的影响取决于企业的生产率水平,企业的生产率越高,进口对创新的促进作用越明显,且这种促进作用只在生产率超过中位数水平的企业中显现。同时,机制检验发现,高生产率企业在吸收进口技术溢出和应对进口竞争时更具有比较优势。异质性分析发现,来自不同研发投入国的进口对企业创新的影响并无显著差异,知识产权保护则放大了进口对高生产率企业创新的促进作用和对低生产率企业创新的抑制作用;即使是生产率最低的一般贸易企业,进口也对创新起到了激励作用,而加工贸易企业的创新活动不能从进口中获益。     

贸易便利化视角下的知识产权边境执法——兼对《反假冒贸易协定》的评论

若干发达国家于2010年10月正式公布了此前一直秘密谈判的《反假冒贸易协定》,旨在进一步加强知识产权的执法体系。于此同时,随着关税壁垒的大幅削减以及各国对国际货物贸易增长的进一步需求,贸易便利化成为各级贸易规则谈判的重要议题。在这样的背景下,贸易便利化与知识产权边境执法之间的相互关系和相互影响问题日渐凸显。本文尝试从贸易便利化的视角来考察知识产权边境执法体系,在概述了《反假冒贸易协定》的边境执法规则后,进一步分析了这套规则对贸易便利化的影响。在此基础上,本文着重讨论了中国应如何在促进贸易便利化和保护知识产权的双向维度下确立恰当的知识产权边境执法体系,并提出了具体的建议。     

知识产权保护的负面效应与发展中国家的回应性政策研究

文章立足于知识产权保护的负面效应,探究知识产权保护的中观基础,指出产业结构是决定知识产权保护效应的决定力量,有力地解释了不同经济发展水平下知识产权保护体现不同效应的原因,并从制度层面和产业层面指出了发展中国家的回应性策略。     

Patent Protection, Transnational Corporations, and Market Structure: A Simulation Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

This study examines the role of patent protection on the behavior of transnational corporations and market structure in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The method of analysis is the calibration of a theoretical model to firm-level data from two therapeutic groups of the Indian pharmacy market, and a simulation analysis asking the hypothetical question of what the market structure would be if India granted patent protection to pharmaceutical products. The model developed for the simulation analysis explicitly accounts for the complex demand structure for pharmaceutical goods that results from the presence of therapeutic substitute drugs, and product differentiation among chemically equivalent drugs.