人工湿地:污水处理新出路

人工湿地污水处理技术是一项新的污水生态处理技术，它是将污水投放到人工建造的类似于沼泽地的湿地上，通过植物．微生物．土壤的共同作用净化污水，具有建设成本低、运行管理费用低廉的特点，是城市污水处理厂的有效补充。     

湿地生态系统服务市场机制研究

湿地破坏的根本原因在于人们片面追求短期利益而忽视长期利益、追求个人局部利益而忽视社会整体利益。湿地生态系统服务市场机制能够促进湿地保护、恢复和重建。在湿地动植物产品、生态旅游和污水处理等方面，湿地生态系统服务市场具有很大发展潜力。明晰产权是建立市场机制的基础，湿地资源的产权界定要依据其外部性和公共物品的特性。土地利用者应比较湿地开发与保护的净效益选择净效益最大的方案。政府可采取适当的激励措施减少目前许多湿地产品和服务市场仍存在的缺失或缺陷，为生态系统服务市场的建立和发展提供条件。     

人工湿地在城市生态建设中的作用

人工湿地具有自然湿地生态系统同样的功能和效应,在城市化日益严重的今天,人工湿地在城市中越来越显示出其重要的作用。人工湿地可以减缓城市的高温、干燥等环境压力,也可以给城市增加一道靓丽的风景线,同时也可以给生物提供一个安居之地,既可以保护生物的多样性又可以给居民带来美好的环境,既可以对城市的污染起到净化作用又可以提供具有经济价值的动植物产品。     

湿地系统净化水质影响分析

湿地具有独特功能的生态系统,也是水环境质量的重要调节器.本文分析了湿地对水质净化作用的影响,从过滤和吸收作用、沉积作用、降解作用和富集作用等方面详细综述了湿地净化水质作用机理,并对未来湿地用于水质净化应用进行了展望.     

湿地保护:成就辉煌 任重道远——我国加入《湿地公约》20周年成就综述

湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统。湿地不仅为人类提供多种物质和文化产品,而且具有保持水源、净化水质、蓄洪防旱、调节气候和维护生物多样性等重要生态功能。湿地因而被誉为"淡水之源"、"地球之肾"、"气候调节器"和"生物基因库"。我国是世界上湿地资源最为丰富的国家之一。据2003年完成的全国第一次湿地资源调     

加强湿地保护 建设生态文明

党的十八大明确要求,大力推进生态文明建设,努力建设美丽中国,实现中华民族永续发展。其中明确要求,加强水源地保护,扩大湿地面积,保护生物多样性,增强生态系统稳定性,改善人居环境。湿地作为重要而独特的生态系统,在吸收二氧化碳、制造氧气、涵养水源、净化水质、调节气候、维护生物多样性等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。加强湿地保护管理,扩大湿地面积,对于建设生态文明和美丽中国、实现人     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统管理的策略选择

生态系统管理的目标就是为了构建人地和谐的可持续发展体系。文章基于洞庭湖湿地利用与保护的现状和面临的威胁,从生态系统管理的角度,首先提出了洞庭湖湿地生态系统管理的原则,包括整体性、分区分类管理、保护与发展共存以及参与性共管等原则,接着分别从机构与体制创新、立法与执法、编制中长期总体规划、促进利益相关方的参与和共管、加快湿地产业开发、巩固退田还湖等生态恢复工程、加强洞庭湖湿地生态与环境建设以及先进经验的示范与推广等方面提出了洞庭湖湿地合理利用的生态系统管理策略选择,并给出了洞庭湖湿地生态与环境评估指标的定义及其定量化方法,为其他类似区域的湿地生态系统管理提供了可资借鉴的模式。     

运用人工湿地技术辅助凉水河（开发区段）水体自净

重点介绍了凉水河水体现状,人工湿地污水净化技术与发展,并提出了人工湿地在凉水河工程中的应用。     

滨海湿地生态系统服务及其价值评估——以胶州湾为例

选择胶州湾湿地作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务的类型并评估了各类生态系统服务价值。结果表明:2009年胶州湾湿地生态系统服务总价值为152.71×107元。其中,食品生产占56.57%,这表明胶州湾湿地物质产品供给占重要地位。其次调节功能占36.12%,在胶州湾湿地生态系统中也发挥重要作用。研究只对胶州湾湿地主要生态系统服务开展了评估,因此仅为一个保守估计。     

湿地保护：成就辉煌 任重道远-我国加入《湿地公约》20周年成就综述

湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统。湿地不仅为人类提供多种物质和文化产品，而且具有保持水源、净化水质、蓄洪防旱、调节气候和维护生物多样性等重要生态功能。湿地因而被誉为“淡水之源”、“地球之肾”、“气候调节器”和“生物基因库”。     

Ecosystem services value of wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake

Based on a comprehensive analysis on various classifications of natural resource values,this paper summarizes an ecological services system of constructed wetland（CW） ecosystems for the accounting of ecological economic value.With the research,the wetland ecosystem services can be classified into six categories,that is waste treatment,food and material production,water supply,gas regulations,disturbance and water regulations,habitat and refuge provision.For decision making in terms of environmental economics for wetland construction,ecosystem services value for the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort is accounted for 7,088,769 USD/yr through Environmental Economics Analysis.Ecosystem services value of waste treatment is 825,000 USD/yr,that of food and material production is 1,430 USD/yr,that of water supply is 4,752,000 USD/yr,that of gas regulation is 2,251USD/yr,that of disturbance and water regulations is 1,3721 USD/yr,and that of habitat and refuge provision value is 1,494,367 USD/yr.The ecosystem services values of a pilot constructed wetland in Suzhou are compared with those of other wetlands as a mean and of a typical human-interfered wetland in Wenzhou of China.Results show that in both finite and infinite time horizons considered,the wetland in Suzhou Taihu Lake National Tourist and Holiday Resort has the largest services value.This paper analyzes all the probability that may weaken the value of the Suzhou Taihu Wetland in order to provide some advices for the wetland protection.     

辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾三湾生态系统服务价值评估

海洋生态系统服务价值对海洋资源开发和海洋综合管理具有重要的意义。研究应用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了食品生产、原料生产、基因资源、氧气生产和气候调节、废弃物处理、生物控制、休闲娱乐、科研文化、初级生产以及物种多样性维持等10项服务价值的评估方法。对辽东湾、渤海湾和莱州湾进行了上述10项生态系统服务价值的评估,结果表明,三个海湾服务功能的总价值量为1 485.11×108元,单位面积价值为4.52元/(m2 a)。其中,辽东湾价值量最大,占三个海湾总价值量的56.7%,其次是莱州湾,占总价值量的23.3%,渤海湾最小,占总价值量的20%。各项服务中,食品生产的价值量最大,占总价值量的71.0%。食品生产、氧气生产和气候调节、初级生产这三项服务价值之间表现出显著相关性,主要是由于三项服务有着共同的初级生产者。研究结果可为相关管理部门制定生态补偿政策提供理论依据。     

海南岛自然生态系统服务价值评估

以卫星遥感影像为基础,运用"3S"技术,解译并统计了海南岛陆地自然生态系统的类型和面积,利用生态经济相关理论基础,评估计算出年海南岛陆地自然生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2008年海南岛自然生态系统服务价值约2198×108元,是当年全省GDP的1.5倍;森林生态系统的服务价值占四类生态系统(森林、草地、湿地和淡水)服务价值的81.77%,单位面积价值量达3260×104元/km2;自然生态系统在维持营养物质循环、水调节、大气调节等方面的间接使用价值约2076×108元,是直接使用价值的17.0倍。研究首次建立了针对海南岛陆地生态系统服务价值全面的评估体系,并在评估方法上择优、改进,对海南岛自然生态系统服务价值监测体系的构建及深入研究具有重要意义。     

The value of ecosystem services provided by the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System in the contiguous U.S.

Studies that demonstrate the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by public conservation lands can contribute to a more accurate appraisal of the benefit of these lands. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic value, in real (2004) dollars, of the ecosystem services provided by the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System) in the contiguous U.S. In order to estimate this value, we determined the ecosystems present on the Refuge System in the contiguous 48 states, the proportion in which they are represented, and the dollar value of services provided by each. We used land cover classes as an approximation of ecosystems present in the Refuge System. In a geographic information system (GIS), we combined land cover geospatial data with a map of the Refuge System boundaries to calculate the number of acres for each refuge and land cover class within the Refuge System. We transferred values for the following ecosystem services: climate and atmospheric gas regulation; disturbance prevention; freshwater regulation and supply; waste assimilation and nutrient regulation; and habitat provision. We conducted a central tendency value transfer by transferring averaged values taken from primarily original site studies to the Refuge System based on the ecoregion in which each study site and refuge was located and the ecoregion's relative net primary productivity (NPP). NPP is a parameter used to quantify the net carbon absorption rate by living plants, and has been shown to be correlated with spatially fungible ecosystem services. The methodologies used in the site studies included direct market valuation, indirect market valuation and contingent valuation. We estimated the total value of ecosystem services provided by the Refuge System in the contiguous U.S. to be approximately $26.9 billion/year. This estimate is a first cut attempt to demonstrate that the value of the Refuge System likely exceeds the value derived purely from recreational activities. Due to limitations of current understanding, methods and data, there is a potentially large margin of error associated with the estimate.     

The value of ecosystem services provided by the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System in the contiguous U.S.

Studies that demonstrate the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by public conservation lands can contribute to a more accurate appraisal of the benefit of these lands. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic value, in real (2004) dollars, of the ecosystem services provided by the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System) in the contiguous U.S. In order to estimate this value, we determined the ecosystems present on the Refuge System in the contiguous 48 states, the proportion in which they are represented, and the dollar value of services provided by each. We used land cover classes as an approximation of ecosystems present in the Refuge System. In a geographic information system (GIS), we combined land cover geospatial data with a map of the Refuge System boundaries to calculate the number of acres for each refuge and land cover class within the Refuge System. We transferred values for the following ecosystem services: climate and atmospheric gas regulation; disturbance prevention; freshwater regulation and supply; waste assimilation and nutrient regulation; and habitat provision. We conducted a central tendency value transfer by transferring averaged values taken from primarily original site studies to the Refuge System based on the ecoregion in which each study site and refuge was located and the ecoregion's relative net primary productivity (NPP). NPP is a parameter used to quantify the net carbon absorption rate by living plants, and has been shown to be correlated with spatially fungible ecosystem services. The methodologies used in the site studies included direct market valuation, indirect market valuation and contingent valuation. We estimated the total value of ecosystem services provided by the Refuge System in the contiguous U.S. to be approximately $26.9 billion/year. This estimate is a first cut attempt to demonstrate that the value of the Refuge System likely exceeds the value derived purely from recreational activities. Due to limitations of current understanding, methods and data, there is a potentially large margin of error associated with the estimate.     

A theoretical model for assessing the sustainability Of ecosystem services

The Value of the World＇s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital by Costanza in 1997 is generally regarded as a monumem for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classification of ecosystem services, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value had be confronted by many criticisms. Based on the summary of these criticisms, suggestions, related function assessment and further study direction, the sustainability of ecosystem Services is presented. The two basic indicators in ecology, productivity and biodiversity, respectively charactering the ability of producing and self-organizing, not only represent the internal function of ecosystem, but also are proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life. On presenting the general.form of ecosystem services assessment, this paper improves the mathematical formula by giving a function adjusting coefficient composea of productivity and biodiversity. Theoretically, the integration of the two indicators reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scales, can physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services, and build a firm scientific fundament of value assessment for ecosystem services. Objectively, its application should be strictly tested in next step.     

浅述生态系统服务功能价值的估算方法

生态系统服务功能价值估算已成为生态学、生态经济学、环境经济学领域的研究热点和前沿,在生态系统服务功能含义、价值构成研究的基础上,系统地总结了目前关于生态系统服务功能价值进行定量评估的方法———实际市场评估技术、替代市场法、假想市场法等。     

基于生态系统服务价值的区域土地整理生态效益评价——以南京市为例

以Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值理论为基础,建立了区域土地整理生态效益经济评价模型,并以南京市土地整理为例,评价了南京市土地整理项目实施取得的生态系统服务价值。结果显示:土地整理引起了土地利用结构变化,也必然引起区域土地生态服务价值的变化,而这种变化可能是正向的,也可能是逆向的。合理开发利用各类土地资源,适当增加和保护生态服务价值高的地类,补充一定生态用地,应成为当前土地整理过程中重要的内容。     

生态系统服务的价格估计方法及真实增长测度

以国际统计规范中生态系统服务价值的估价方法为基础,利用市场价值法、替代成本法、影子工程法等方法,构建生态系统服务核算的动态价格体系,对京津冀地区的生态系统服务价值进行合理测度。实证结果发现,以往采用的价格体系低估了生态系统服务价值,根据构建的动态价格体系得出,2016年北京市、天津市和河北省的生态系统服务价值总量分别为27706.27亿元、5836.21亿元和104407.23亿元,分别是各地区GDP的1.08倍、0.326倍和3.26倍;2016—2017年京津冀地区生态系统服务价值增量分别为502.63亿元、628.12亿元和-1713.33亿元;三个地区中价格因素对北京市生态系统服务价值年度变化的影响最大,而天津市和河北省受到价格因素的影响较小,剔除价格因素影响后京津冀地区生态系统服务价值的真实增长率分别为-0.15%、13.11%和-1.7%。