基于区域划分的黑龙江省农业生物质能产业发展模式研究

黑龙江省作为我国的农业大省,拥有丰富的生物质能资源。目前,黑龙江省的农业生物质能产业已取得了初步进展,但是仍存在产业发展模式不合理等限制。论文针对黑龙江省各区域生物质能资源量不均衡的现状,将各区域划分为三类地区,并结合三类地区产业发展的基础条件,提出针对不同地区的产业发展模式,并为模式的实施提出加大龙头企业建设力度、提高生物质能科研力度、完善服务机制建设、加强宣传、强化行业管理等保障措施。     

清洁发展机制在黑龙江省的应用前景及对策建议

清洁发展机制是<京都议定书>框架下三个灵活的机制之一,也是唯一与发展中国家密切相关的机制,是促进碳收入和碳技术向发展中国家转移的主要手段.通过对CDM机制在黑龙江省的应用前景分析,进而从产业政策、技术支持、项目储备和组织保障等方面提出加快黑龙江省CDM项目建设的对策建议.     

印尼清洁能源发展概述

近年来,印尼政府对清洁能源发展十分重视,希望通过发展清洁能源满足国内能源需求、减少温室气体排放。本文分析了印尼清洁能源发展基本背景,介绍了印尼清洁能源发展规划、政策及措施,重点解读了印尼能矿部颁布的2017年第12号规章精神,详细介绍了印尼核能、太阳能、地热、生物质能、潮汐能、水电、风能等清洁能源的发展进展,并就深化中国与印尼的清洁能源合作提出具体建议。     

中国生物质能发电的费用分摊机制

研究中国生物质能发电费用分摊机制,对于促进可再生能源产业乃至低碳能源产业发展具有重大政策指导意义。本文将现有的生物质能发电费用分摊机制分为费用来源、费用支付和配额交易三个环节分别进行解读,并对我国自2006年以来的六个生物质能发电补贴方案的执行情况进行了系统整理,发现当前的费用分摊机制已经无法满足生物质能发电产业发展的需要。同时,在对生物质能发电费用分摊机制的三个环节的研究中,发现现行的生物质能发电费用分摊机制存在费用来源太少、支付机制不合理、配额交易机制不清晰等问题。以上问题有违《可再生能源法》中规定的有利于促进可再生能源发电利用和经济合理原则。本文针对这些问题提出了相应的对策建议:拓宽征收电价附加资金的渠道,明确电价附加收入的调配方式,规范配额证的交易秩序。     

黑龙江省农林生物质能资源评价

黑龙江省是农林业大省,具有相当丰富的可利用的农林生物质能资源,主要包括农作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、薪柴林木等。论文采用特定的模型综合评价黑龙江省农林生物质能资源的总量及分布,评价结果是2012年黑龙江省各地市(区)农作物秸秆资源蕴藏总量为16279.8万吨,主要集中分布于绥化、哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔与农垦总局,四个地区或单位总量占全省的67%以上;畜禽粪便资源蕴藏总量为20508.1万吨,主要集中分布于绥化、哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔与农垦总局,四个地区或单位总量占全省的65%以上;薪柴林木资源蕴藏总量为1654.1万吨。     

CDM与黑龙江省水能资源的开发利用

黑龙江省水能资源理论蕴藏量987．8万千瓦,可开发量为986．7万千瓦,目前开发率为8．8％,开发利用率十分缓慢。《京都议定书》建立了旨在减排温室气体的三个灵活合作机制——国际排放贸易机制（ET）、联合履约机制（JI）和清洁发展机制（CDM）。其中CDM为加快黑龙江省水能资源开发提供了难得的机遇。     

借鉴国外经验,发展生物质能

生物质能作为新兴的资源,对于保护环境、确保国家能源安全具有重要作用,在发达国家的应用已经极为广泛.本文通过探讨发达国家生物质能利用的方式、方法,对我国发展和利用生物质能的意义、方式提出了合理建议.     

捆绑小型清洁发展机制项目的相关问题研究与对策

充分利用清洁发展机制（CDM）所带来的资金和技术,发展小水电、风能和生物质能等可再生能源的小型CDM项目对于提高中国农村地区的能源服务质量,增加就业,促进节能减排工作等方面具有重要意义。本文从分析中国CDM项目的开发现状入手,探讨小型GDM项目开发和捆绑的相关问题,并最终提出对策建议。     

瑞典第一大能源--生物质能发展概况及其启示

瑞典生物质能发展处于世界领先水平,2009年起,生物质能已替代石油成为瑞典第一大能源,促进了瑞典经济的绿色发展。2012年,瑞典生物质能达到能源消耗总量的31.6%。通过介绍瑞典生物质能的概况及瑞典政府发展生物质能的主要政策措施,从而提出对我国发展生物质能、转变能源发展方式、建设生态文明的几点启示。     

清洁能源发展问题研究——以甘肃省白银市为例

大力发展清洁能源是当前国际社会应对能源紧缺、保障能源供应的重要发展方向,是我国的基本国策。甘肃省白银市作为一个典型的资源枯竭城市,合理开发利用洁净煤技术、水能、风能、生物质能、核能等清洁能源,对完善白银市能源结构、调整产业结构,推动节能减排、实现科学转型和可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。文章在阐释清洁能源发展的重要性和宏观环境的基础上,对甘肃省白银市清洁能源发展的优势和存在的问题进行了深刻的分析,并有针对性地提出了进一步推进甘肃省白银市清洁能源发展的对策。     

Global emissions effects of CDM projects with relative baselines

CDM is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Annex B countries of the Kyoto Protocol. A problem with CDM is that it provides incentives to increase, if possible, the baseline emissions for CDM projects, to optimize the value of CDM credits. Under a “relative baselines” crediting rule, the CDM may also unduly increase energy consumption even during the CDM implementation phase. Less than full offset of emissions is then likely, and the CDM will lead to increased global GHG emissions. We show that this is a potentially serious problem, due to asymmetric information between project hosts and the regulator, the CDM Executive Board, and to the basic rules for crediting CDM quotas. In certain cases, the use of “relative baselines” to credit CDM quotas could fully eliminate any emissions reductions achieved by CDM projects. Remedies to overcome the problems are discussed. They may involve setting the baseline independently of initial energy intensity and final output for the project; or involve information revelation mechanisms that minimize policy losses and net rent capture by project sponsors.     

Research on regional capability constructive models of cleat development mechanism

Global climate change has been identified as the ftrst of the top ten environmental problems in the world,As climate change will have serious effects on the social and economic development and everyday living of people in the world,many of the countries and governments are taking untiring efforts to combat climate change.As one of the important mechanisms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Kyoto Protocol,Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM) has not only provided chance.for developed countries to ftdfill greenhouse emission reduction obligations,but also provided an opportunity for developing countries to combat climate change under the sustainabledevelopment frame.The dual objectives of developed countries' GHG emissions' reduction obligation achievement and developing countries'sustainable development will be achieved under the CDM.As a country with responsibility,China has been positively developing CDM projects and promoting energy saving and emissions reduction during the three years after the Kyoto Protocol came into force,and CDM projects development has always been in the front tank in the world However,as the vast clime within China,notable differences occur in different regions.In order to promote the CDM development in China,it is necessary to have regional CDM capability construction in accor dance with the practicality in different regions.Based on the Slat Analysis of developed CDM projects and current CDM development status in China,problems in the CDM development of China,including the inefficiency in sinall and medium-sized CDM Projects development,over centralization of CDM development scope and especially the differentiated provincial CDM projects developing capability are pointed out in the paper.What's more,reasons forthe problems are analyzed from the leading factors,including policy orient,information asymmetry and weak CDMcapability.In order to promote CDM projects development in China,a new CDM capability construction model is put forward in the paper     

Eco-efficiency approach for global warming in the context of Kyoto Mechanism

This study discusses an approach to measuring and improving the economic and ecological efficiency of Kyoto Mechanism projects. The approach consists of Global Warming Eco-Efficiency (GWEE), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) & Joint Implementation (JI) Environmental-Efficiency (EE) and CDM & JI Economic-Productivity (EP). The GWEE indicator is based on the ratio of the value added of a system to its global warming influence in order to measure the eco-efficiency of a product in terms of the global warming issue. In addition, CDM & JI EE and CDM & JI EP are proposed to measure the environmental and economic performances of CDM and JI projects, respectively. While EE is defined as the ratio of the Certified Emission Reductions (CER) obtained from a CDM project or Emission Reduction Unit (ERU) from a JI project to total global warming influence relevant to the CDM or JI implemented, EP is defined as the ratio of the total of CER profit (and ERU profit) and the sales revenue to the costs of the CDM (and JI) implemented. Then, the feasibility of these indicators is examined through a case study for the power generations in the field of alternative energy.     

清洁发展机制及其对我国可再生能源发电的启示

清洁发展机制（CDM）是近几年来国际社会的热门话题，本文从走循环经济道路和建立环境友好型社会出发，结合清洁发展机制，从各方面分析了我国可再生能源发电的现状和CDM项目的市场潜力及优势。进而根据目前我国CDM项目的开发情况分别从微观和宏观两个层面提出了一些建议，如选择合适的融资方式、强化政策体系的建设与创新、提高国际谈判能力和建立CDM联系机制等。     

金融危机影响下清洁发展机制及其相关产业发展

本文以福建东乌礁湾30MW风力发电项目、中国龙源电力集团公司为案例,探讨了我国风电企业在金融危机背景下的发展问题,并展望了清洁发展机制和新能源等相关产业在我国的发展前景,为进一步发展我国的清洁发展机制提出了若干策略建议。     

Leveraging private capital for climate mitigation: Evidence from the Clean Development Mechanism

To mitigate climate change, states must make significant investments into energy and other sectors. To solve this problem, scholars emphasize the importance of leveraging private capital. If states create institutional mechanisms that promote private investment, they can reduce the fiscal cost of carbon abatement. We examine the ability of different international institutional designs to leverage private capital in the context of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Empirically, we analyze private capital investment in 3749 climate mitigation projects under the CDM, 2003–2011. Since the CDM allows both bilateral and unilateral implementation, we can compare the two modes of contracting within one context. Our model analyzes equilibrium private investment in climate mitigation. When the cost of mitigation is high, unilateral project implementation in one host country, without foreign collaboration, draws more investment than bilateral contracting, whereby foreign investors participate in the project.     

环境与电力经济拉动模式的研究

在全球的金融风暴与经济危机背景下,环境与气候的世界性问题,我国电力产业需要考虑环境与电力经济拉动的匹配。通过分析电力产业结构依存的能源战略框架影响因素,寻求电力产业结构调整与拉动经济的联动模式,在生态经济模式、循环经济发展模式、节能减排经济模式、新能源经济模式、清洁发展机制（CDM）模式等应用方面,需要加快电力产业结构调整和优化,培育出新的经济增长点,应对和破解经济危机,拉动我国经济增长。     

A study of regional CDM projects distribution in China

CDM will reduce the global GHG emissions with lower costs while promoting sustainable development of the developing countries. However, the lack of distribution equilibrium has been a problem not solved for a long time. In order to increase CDM distribution equilibrium in China, CDM support requirement extent of different areas is analyzed based on the study on the economic development and sustainable development capability. At the same time, registered and issued projects are analyzed to have an assessment on the CDM distribution equilibrium in China. Based on the study, it is concluded that there is a lack of CDM distribution equilibrium in China as most of CDM support has gone to the relatively more developed areas. Based on the reason analysis from the sector development, CDM market and information circulation aspects, suggestions are given to support CDM development in western areas by the “sector development guidance ＋ CDM capability construction ＋ market support” mode in this paper.     

The CDM framework: knowledge recombination from an evolutionary viewpoint

ABSTRACT

Since Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse published their ground-breaking article (‘Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level’, 1998), the CDM framework has known a large diffusion, despite being published in a non-indexed journal. The present study is an exploration of the spread and recombination of ‘knowledge’ in the ‘CDM universe’, comprising all papers in Scopus indexed journals citing CDM or/and CDM cited papers. We assess first the speed and range of diffusion of CDM and investigate next the ‘origins’ and further ‘genealogical’ make up of the knowledge recombinations within the CDM universe. We find that CDM is cited by a growing number of papers, which spread over a variety of fields, and that it compares very well with the most cited comparable articles in indexed journals in its domain of research. We further find that the CDM universe is mainly constituted of three large clusters and for each of them we are able to identify knowledge paths going from the CDM and earlier cited papers to the subsequent main citing papers. We intend to provide a detailed interpretation of these findings in future work.