股指期货的套期保值交易

套期保值是股票指数期货(简称股指期货)的主要经济功能之一,套期保值交易也叫“对冲”交易,即保值者基于期货价格和现货价格受相同经济因素影响而具有基本相似的走势,在期货市场上进行与现货或将要拥有的现货头寸方向相反的操作,在一定期间内,如果一个市场亏损,则另一个市场盈利,否则相反。这样,无论现货市场因股市波动损失多大,或盈利多高,都因为套期保值的操作而互相抵偿即锁定现在就有的正常的利润达到“保值”的目的,从而规避了股市系统性风险。一、套期保值类型股指期货与其它金融期货和商品期货一样,其套期保值可分为多头套期保值和空…     

期货套期保值是怎样实现的

期货套期保值是怎样实现的中央财政金融学院研究所刘姝威１期货市场有两大功能：规避风险和价格发现。对于参加期货交易的企业法人来说，最重要的是利用期货规避风险，也就是说，利用期货套期保值。传统的套期保值概念是指商品期货与现货市场已经有的或将要有的同种商品数...     

上证50股指期货核心功能研究

上证50股指期货的出现对股票市场的价格形成机制和市场风险规避能力产生了重要的影响.本文将研究上证50股指期货的核心功能,一方面通过ADF检验、协整检验和格兰杰因果检验验证了上证50股指期货和现货之间的价格发现功能,发现上证50股指期货对现货具有价格发现功能,现货对期货没有价格发现功能;另一方面通过使用OLS模型、VAR模型和ECM模型等静态套期保值模型研究上证50股指期货和现货之间的套期保值功能,发现上证50股指期货的套期保值的有效性较好,并且给出上证50股指期货市场的最优套期保值比率,用于实现现货市场风险的有效转移.     

浅谈企业套期保值

原材料价格的大幅波动将给企业生产、销售计划带来很大困难,为了规避价格波动风险,企业必须利用衍生品期货做套期保值,以对冲现货价格波动带来的风险及锁定成本和预期利润,保证经营计划顺利完成。然而,不少中资企业在。套期保值。上遭受巨亏事件频发。本文试图分析造成企业在套期保值中亏损的原因,并尝试分析企业如何进行套期保值。     

浅谈企业套期保值

原材料价格的大幅波动将给企业生产、销售计划带来很大困难,为了规避价格波动风险,企业必须利用衍生品期货做套期保值,以对冲现货价格波动带来的风险及锁定成本和预期利润,保证经营计划顺利完成.然而,不少中资企业在"套期保值"上遭受巨亏事件频发.本文试图分析造成企业在套期保位中亏损的原因,并尝试分析企业如何进行套期保值.     

钢材企业开展期货套期保值业务的会计处理研究

期货套期保值作为企业规避现货价格波动风险的有效工具逐渐被企业所了解和应用。本文分别对钢材企业进行期货公允价值套期和现金流量套期两种套期活动下会计处理及信息披露进行了梳理,以期为钢材企业开展套期保值业务的会计处理提供一定的借鉴作用。     

国际碳市场与能源市场动态相依关系研究与启示——基于DCC-MVGARCH模型

本文应用基于条件多元t分布的DCC-MVGARCH模型研究CERs期货价格收益同能源期货价格收益之间的动态相依关系,旨在探讨跨品种套期保值的可行性及操作策略,为国内减排企业及时对冲CERs价格波动风险提供经验依据。实证结果显示:CERs期货价格收益和能源期货价格收益之间存在正相关性;相较Euro天然气期货合约与GlobalCoaL期货合约,BRenT原油期货合约更适用于构造套期保值组合;以动态条件相关系数测算时变套期保值比率明显降低了组合收益的方差并提升了组合收益的均值,其套期保值绩效要优于条件相关系数。基于此结果本文认为,国内减排企业应当积极采取相关套期保值策略并定期更新动态条件相关系数均值,政府主管部门亦应着手实施碳资源战略储备以对冲风险。     

股指期货最小风险保值比率的MABM模型初探

一、股指期货不确定性最小风险保值比率 股票指数期货(简称股指期货)用于规避股票系统风险,是通过套期保值实现的.实质上套期保值交易无论做多还是做空都是一种防御性的策略,所谓最小风险套期保值即在进行套期保值操作后,如果股票价格果然如保值者所担心的那样,出现对自己不利的变化,股票指数期货市场盈利基本上能弥补现货市场上的亏损,因而使股票现货损失达到风险最小化,此时的现货头寸与期货头寸的比率称为股票指数期货最小风险保值比率.     

运用股指期货有效规避系统性风险之方法研究

股指期货可以有效地规避系统性风险，其基本原理是股份指数组合与股指期货合约的变动率呈正相关，只要在现货市场和期货市场进行相反的操作，就可以控制风险水平，股指数货规避系统性风险的方法包括套期保值，套利，利用股指期货规避系统性风险的实质是风险转移。我国股市的系统性风险比较大，开设股指期货显得日益重要。     

基于国际原油市场中不同交易者行为的原油价格动态分析

原油的期货价格是市场对未来现货市场价格的预估值,文章根据期货市场出清时,期货合约的总需求为零的条件建立包含套利、套期保值和期货投机交易行为的原油期货价格模型。采用FMOLS估计和Phillips-Ouliaris残差单位根检验法考察原油期货市场上的三类主体,套利者、套期保值者和期货投机者的市场交易行为与NYMEX的不同到期月份的WTI原油期货合约价格的动态关系。结果表明,原油期货市场已成为期货投机者的乐土,而对承担套期保值者转嫁风险的作用有限,原油期货投机对期货价格的决定作用远大于套利交易和套期保值交易,未来现货价格预期对期货价格的影响也非常小。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.