中国货币政策工具选择及其效用的理论分析

一、中国人民银行货币政策工具选择1.以公开市场业务为主的一般性工具在总量控制中作用显著,存款准备金率和再贴现率逐步淡出总量控制即一般性信用控制,主要通过公开市场业务、再贴现率与法定存款准备金率3大政策工具的实施,达到调控货币与信贷的供应总量。其中,公开市场业务在近5年来的货币政策操作中得到了充分运作。央行采取灵活而有效的操作方式来调控商业银行货币流动性和货币市场利率,包括正回购、逆回购、买断、卖断等不同品种的公开市场业务操作方式组合,并开始选用数量招标和利率招标等多种招标方式。公开市场业务日益作为主要的货…     

关于我国中央银行应如何完善公开市场业务的思考

公开市场业务是中央银行在金融市场上公开买卖有价证券和银行承兑票据，以影响货币政策的手段。公开市场业务实质上是一种调节货币供给量和利率水平的经济手段，对于中央银行来说，它具有主动性和灵活性等特点。《中国人民银行法》规定，中国人民银行为执行货币政策，可以...     

我国公开市场操作效率研究

公开市场操作是指中央银行通过在金融市场上买卖有价证券,来影响货币供给和市场利率的行为。其与法定准备金、贴现政策并称为中央银行的“三大法宝”。在多数发达国家,公开市场操作是中央银行吞吐基础货币,调节市场流动性的主要货币政策工具,通过中央银行与指定交易商进行有价证券和外汇交易,实现货市政策调控目标。相对于法定     

对我国中央银行开办公开市场业务的思考

对我国中央银行开办公开市场业务的思考张大龙公开市场业务是指中央银行在金融市场上主动买卖国债、中央银行证券、私人票据、外汇等，以吞吐基础货币，调整金融机构流动性储备的业务。通过公开市场业务运作，中央银行能够影响市场利率和货币供应量，从而达到扩张或收缩银...     

再贴现率政策的作用及其局限性

中央银行通过控制货币供给量以及通过控制货币供给量来调节利率进而影响投资和整个经济以达到一定经济目标的行为就是货币政策。货币政策的实施主要通过存款准备金率、再贴现率和公开市场业务等工具来实现的。本文拟就再贴现率政策在调解国民经济中的作用及其局限性加以分...     

资本定价体系的重大变化

"国债期货仿真交易实施顺畅,不日即将推出."郭树清的此番说法刚刚落地,央行则宣布,增加银行间债券市场公开市场操作频率,以强化货币政策执行的灵活性.这不是巧合,而是有意识的系统性安排,目标就是:尽快大体实现利率市场化. 其实,增加央行公开市场操作频率,这将使央行对货币市场的利率控制更加充分,是一项一举多得措施.     

语录经典

"一切皆有可能。"——面对中国经济出现的下滑风险以及境外热钱的不断流入,市场曾预期货币政策出现松动。不过,周小川近日表示,为遏制通胀,央行不排除任何(货币政策)可能性,包括公开市场操作、存款准备金率、央行票据、利率及其他手段。     

论我国现阶段利率杠杆的弱有效性

近年来,我国加快了金融体制改革的步伐,加大了货币政策调控宏观经济的力度,突出地利用了利率杠杆来调整我国正处于转轨时期的社会主义市场经济,如自1996年以来连续6次降低利率,尤其在1998年内就下调利率三次,并对贷款利率、准备金率、贴现率等进行下调,以及出台了公开市场业务等一系列货币信用政策.     

美英公开市场业务比较

美英公开市场业务比较李靖野西方发达国家的中央银行都承担着运用货币政策调节金融指标以调控宏观经济的重任。作为货币政策三大工具之一的公开市场业务以其较强的灵活性、“主动出击”的特点和“微调”的功能而在各种工具中占主要地位。所谓公开市场业务是指中央银行在公...     

我国商业银行在货币政策传导中的作用评价

信用可得性理论。承认利率作为货币政策传导的核心变量的同时，更强调利率对于贷款者的影响，认为利率变动对放款者的放款意愿的影响是决定投资、消费的重要因素。当中央银行通过公开市场业务操作引起利率变动时，商业银行的流动性会随之变动，从而引起商业银行对于信用的可供给量进行重新决策，借款者的信用可得量因此受到影响，进一步影响社会的投资、消费规模。     

Chinese monetary policy and the banking system

Chinese monetary policy differs from that of many other countries in its use of multiple policy instruments. This paper assesses the effectiveness of some of the instruments employed, using a model of the banking sector and elasticities estimated from Chinese data. We find that direct interest rate changes are a poorer instrument of monetary control in China than changes in reserve requirement ratios and loan-to-deposit ratios. This finding is based on the ambiguous estimated response of deposit demand to such changes, and may help to explain why changes to administered interest rates have been used sparingly as an instrument of Chinese monetary policy. We also find that the ambiguous deposit demand response could pose challenges for the effectiveness of open market operations under interest rate liberalisation, while exchange rate liberalisation is likely to make monetary instruments more powerful.     

Monetary Policy,Market Structure and the Income Shares in the U.S

A general equilibrium model of heterogeneous capital is employed to investigate whether, how and to what extent monetary policy and market structure may have contributed to the decline of the labor share in the U.S. in recent decades. By construction the model allows monetary policy to affect the labor share through two channels, i.e. one linking the policy rate to the real interest rate and another linking the latter to the useful life of producers’ goods, whereas regarding market structure, the more competitive the economy, the higher the labor share. From its solution using U.S. data over the period 2000–2014 it emerges that the persistent reduction in the policy rate on the one hand slowed down the decline in the labor share and on the other accelerated it, because the reduction in the policy rate was accompanied by a robust upward trend in the equilibrium real rate of interest, which increased the useful life of producers’ goods. In turn, to gauge the relative strength of these two opposite effects, the equation of the labor share is estimated by means of the autoregressive distributed lag method. The results show that the adverse effect of monetary policy through the useful life of producers’ goods was more than 12 times as strong as the favorable effect of the policy rate and on this ground I conclude that the monetary policy contributed to the decline of the labor share significantly, at least since 2000. As for the market structure, it is found that even if firms had and attempted to exercise monopoly power, it would be exceedingly difficult to exploit it because the demand of consumers’ goods is significantly price elastic.     

数量型还是价格型货币政策比较——基于利率市场化角度的分析

利率市场化进程中,数量型还是价格型货币政策合适?文章考虑金融市场上的金融加速器特征,将其引入DSGE模型,通过校准、模拟,从宏观经济波动幅度、不同货币政策下冲击效应以及福利损失函数三方面综合分析了利率市场化过程中数量型和价格型货币政策有效性问题。研究结果显示,随着存款利率的上升,在熨平经济波动方面,价格型货币政策更有优势;在促进经济增长方面,数量型货币政策更有优势;对央行损失而言,价格型货币政策的损失更小。因此,中央银行应根据需要灵活的运用数量型和货币型搭配使用,做好数量型向价格型转变。     

人民币国际化的现状、影响及未来货币政策取向

当前人民币国际化具有外汇储备的扩大、币值的稳定、金融市场的完善等许多有利的条件，同时也存在经济发展方式粗放、资本管制、美元惯性等诸多不利的条件。人民币国际化对货币政策可能会产生多方面的影响。由于货币政策具有溢出效应，同时考虑到利率市场化的影响，人民币国际化后货币政策的独立性将受到较大的冲击。人民币国际化对传导机制的影响表现在：由传统的信贷传导机制逐步转换为汇率传导机制，同时传导途径将进一步灵活化。由于存在货币替代，货币需求函数将变复杂且货币流量将更难以监控。在政策传导工具方面，准备金政策和再贴现政策效果将被削弱，而公开市场业务效果将增强。为了应对人民币国际化可能产生的影响，应当从加强对人民币的监督、完善利率与汇率机制、推进资本项目开放和合理搭配政策等方面采取对策来加以解决。     

市场营销的虚拟化策略与实施

本文对近几年我国通货紧缩的经济背景下的货币供给特征进行了综述 ,指出在我国货币当局使用多种货币政策工具进行宏观货币调控的过程中 ,扩大使用公开市场业务操作 ,对于达到我国物价稳定的货币政策目标所起到的关键性作用及其优势。最后还论述了公开市场业务发展的前景。     

Dynamics of Money Market Interest Rates in Ghana: Time-Frequency Analysis of Volatility Spillovers

As the second longest practicing inflation targeting economy in Africa, it is of interest to investigate the degree to which policy interest rate influences other money market rates so as to gauge the overall effectiveness of monetary policy transmission in Ghana. This study evaluates the degree of connectedness among money market rates and also determines the most dominant money market rate(s) in Ghana. The basic finding is that the monetary policy rate has a low-to-moderate influence on volatility dynamics of other money market rates in Ghana across historical time-interval and time-frequency domains. This is a reflection of a generally weak capability of policy interest rate to drive other market rates in Ghana. Both monetary policy rate and Treasury bill rate are net transmitters of shocks, while interbank, lending and saving rates are net receivers of shocks in the money market. However, the Treasury bill emerges as the largest shock transmitter in the money market, across all forecast horizons and analytical domains. The lending rate is the largest shock recipient in the money market, largely from the Treasury bill rate which suggests ample evidence of fiscal dominance in Ghana. The study accentuates the exigency for monetary and fiscal policies to expeditiously address the domestic structural bottlenecks, especially in the financial sector and the fragile fiscal profile, in order to strengthen policy transmission in Ghana.     

外汇储备剧增导致的货币政策困境

外汇储备是体现和制约货币政策有效性的重要因素。根据“三元悖论”,中国政府为确保汇率稳定,同时实现资本准自由流动,必定要以牺牲货币政策独立性为代价。外汇储备超常增长、大量外汇占款导致央行货币政策的实施陷入被动和效果趋弱的困境,给宏观调控政策的选择提出更加复杂的难题。基于此现状,本文对该困境形成的原因和不利影响加以分析,尝试寻求解决办法。     

Financial Factors,Openness and the Natural Interest Rate in China

China's financial market has undergone significant changes since financial deleveraging commenced and regulatory supervision was tightened in 2017. Intensifying China–US trade tensions have further increased the uncertainties of external environments. In this article, we use a Bayesian approach instead of the standard maximum likelihood estimation in the Laubach–Williams model to estimate the natural interest rate by considering financial factors and open conditions, and analyze the relationships among the natural interest rate, economic activities and monetary policies. We find that technological and demographic factors are the main drivers of natural interest rates, while financial factors and open conditions also play important roles. In particular, shocks in the financial markets and the external economic environment in recent years are important reasons for the decline of China's natural interest rate. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen research on the estimation of the natural interest rate to ensure China's transformation into more price‐based monetary policy and high‐quality development.     

Policy rate pass-through and the adjustment of retail interest rates: Empirical evidence from Malaysian financial institutions

The paper examines the interest rate pass-through from money market rates to various retail rates in Malaysia within the framework of an error-correction model. We estimate the short- and long-run interest rate pass-through and analyse the asymmetric behaviour of financial institutions under different monetary regimes. The results show that both deposit and lending rate pass-throughs are incomplete. However, pass-through and speed of adjustment vary across financial institutions and retail rates. This analysis also shows that interest rate adjustments are asymmetric, with more significant adjustments taking place under monetary easing than under monetary tightening. These results provide support for the existence of the interest rate channel of monetary policy in Malaysia. There is thus a need to conduct effective monetary operations to support efficient monetary transmission in Malaysia.     

外汇储备增长对我国货币政策独立性的影响

我国外汇储备的快速增长影响了货币政策的独立性,使得货币政策被动实施,效用打折。我国应通过改革现行的外汇管理制度,加大公开市场业务的操作力度等措施减少外汇储备增长对货币政策独立性的冲击。