PERPETUITY RATE OF RETURN ANALYSIS

This paper introduces a new method of capital project analysis called the perpetuity rate of return (PRR). As implied by its name, the PRR is found by transforming a project's cash flow stream into a perpetuity and then relating this value to the required investment outlay. The PRR method is essentially a compromise between the NPV and IRR techniques. Like the NPV, the PRR correctly values a project's cashflows by using the market-determined cost of capital as the discount rate; like the IRR, the PRR is a rate of return that is appropriately compared to the cost of capital to determine a project's acceptability. The new yield-based method fares well in comparison with the IRR on a conceptual level and appears to have practical potential.     

Uncertainty in financing interest rates for startups

The difficulty for startups to secure financing is an important issue in relation to the economic progress of developing countries. As the main financing channel for startups, informal financing is a popular topic in theoretical and practical circles. Using data on 113,656 loans to startups in Wenzhou, China, from 2016 to 2018, this paper measures the uncertainty of financing rates. The results show that from the perspective of fund suppliers, micro-loan company lending is more uncertain than direct social lending. From the perspective of financing methods, the uncertainty of contract loans is greater than the uncertainty of credit loans and is rising year on year. From the perspective of the financing period, great uncertainties occur in short-term loans of one month and long-term loans of one year or more. These results provide empirical support for policy decisions to regulate micro-loan companies, establish the spirit of contract, and increase capital liquidity.     

The Internal Rate of Return Approach and the AIRR Paradigm: A Refutation and a Corroboration

This article shows that the internal rate of return (IRR) approach is unreliable and that the recently introduced average internal rate of return (AIRR) model constitutes the basis for an alternative theoretical paradigm of rate of return. To this end, we divide the paper into two parts: a pars destruens and a pars construens. In the “destructive” part, we present a compendium of 18 flaws associated with the IRR approach. In the “constructive” part, we construct the alternative approach from four (independent) economic intuitions and put the paradigm to the test by showing that it does not suffer from any of the flaws previously investigated. We also show how the IRR, as a rate of return, is absorbed into the new approach.     

融资结构对创业板公司业绩影响的实证研究

融资结构可分为债务融资和股权融资,债务融资又有不同融资成本、不同融资途径、不同债务期限。债务融资下融资成本、融资途径、债务期限和股权融资与企业绩效有何关系呢？基于此,本文运用2010～2015年创业板上市公司实证研究债务融资和股权融资对公司绩效的影响。研究结果表明：股权融资与公司业绩正相关;债务融资下资产负债率、债务期限结构与公 司业绩正相关,而银行借款率与公司业绩负相关。     

A review of: “FORTY CENTURIES OF WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS: HOW NOT TO FIGHT INFLATION” by R. L. Schuettinger and E. F. Buttler,Caroline House,Ottawa, Illinois, 1979, 184 pagea,list $9.95.

We show that when a project is financed with amortized debt, traditional capital budgeting procedures may lead to biased net present values. A model is presented, based on the seminal work of Modigliani-Miller, which allows the net present value of a project to be determined by a weighted average cost of capital that varies with the amortization process.

The implications are substantial for financing arrangements such as long term loans, sinking fund debt, leasing, real estate financed by mortgages, and discount debt obligations.     

Near and dear? The role of location in CSR engagement

Research summary : Building on economic geography and institutional theory, we develop and test theory relating geographic variables to the strength of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement and the cost of equity capital. For a large sample of U.S. firms over the period 1998–2009, we find strong and robust evidence that firms located in areas characterized by high levels of local CSR density score higher in CSR engagement. In addition, firms located close to major cities and financial centers exhibit higher CSR engagement compared to firms located in more remote areas. Moreover, the effect of CSR engagement on reducing equity financing costs is even greater for firms in high CSR density areas than for firms in low CSR density areas. Managerial summary : Does the location of CSR engagement by firms affect the strength of CSR engagement by their neighbors? Does the geography of engagement have an impact on financial performance? Our findings show that a firm's CSR engagement increases in areas where there is dense CSR engagement and when it is located near large cities. In these areas, norms, values, and knowledge related to CSR are transmitted to firms through face‐to‐face meetings and frequent social interactions with groups such as peers, labor unions, news media, universities, and community organizations, which tend to be concentrated in large cities. Our findings further highlight that CSR engagement reduces equity financing costs for firms in areas where CSR is widely practiced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Call Options and Liquidation in Commercial Mortgage Financing

This paper models a commercial real estate project where a wealth-constrained manager uses outside debt financing to purchase a project who's return depends on future economic conditions and the manager's investment in the project. It is shown that it is inefficient to finance the project with callable debt. This prediction is consistent with observed real estate financing practice. I also model the outcome of financial distress allowing for (1) debt forgiveness, (2) equity in exchange for debt forgiveness, and (3) foreclosure. The model motivates (1) why commercial real estate loans are often foreclosed, and (2) why lenders foreclose assets at fire-sale prices.     

投资项目财务评价内部收益率的比较研究

投资项目财务评价是可行性研究报告的核心内容之一,而内部收益率是判断项目财务可行性和预期盈利能力的主要指标。从内部收益率的经济含义入手,分析了项目投资内部收益率、项目资本金内部收益率和投资各方内部收益率3类内部收益率的适用条件和数量关系,认为项目投资内部收益率是项目融资前决策的首选指标,且只需计算所得税前指标;资本金内部收益率是项目融资决策分析的主要指标,当项目投资内部收益率大于银行利率时,资本金内部收益率大于项目投资内部收益率;当各股东（投资方）同股非同权或存在股权之外的收益分配时,需要计算投资各方内部收益率。     

Financing behaviour of R&D investment in the emerging markets: the role of alliance and financial system

This paper examines the financing behaviour of research and development (R&D) investments in emerging markets. Drawing on institutional theory and using panel data of generalized methods of moment estimation for a sample of 302 firms from 20 countries during the period 2003–2015, we find that emerging market firms tend to use internal funds for financing R&D investments. Interesting results emerged when the sample was divided as alliance and non‐alliance firms, and bank‐based and market‐based financial systems. The results show that R&D financing behaves differently for alliance and non‐alliance firms. Alliance firms use both internal and external funds for R&D investments, while non‐alliance firms do not use external funds. We also document that a country's financial system influences the choice of available sources of finance. Firms from countries that follow a bank‐based financial system tend to rely on external funds while firms from countries that follow a market‐based financial system depend more on internal funds for financing R&D investments. This study is important as it provides new evidence on financing R&D investments in emerging countries taking into account the institutional arguments of financing choices, and so should guide stakeholders about appropriate sources of R&D financing.     

吉林省金融机构对中小企业金融支持的对策分析

近年来,吉林省金融机构将开展中小企业业务作为改善业务结构、客户结构和调整战略方针、履行社会责任的重点,中小企业贷款满足率不断上升,但融资难问题,仍是制约不少中小企业进一步发展的障碍.加强对中小企业的金融支持,广大金融机构应提高服务中小企业发展的水平,增强金融创新能力,完善中小企业信贷考核体系,建立中小企业贷款风险补偿基金,发展多层次中小企业信用担保体系等,为中小企业的发展提供更有力的金融支持.     

The Impact of Second Loans on Subprime Mortgage Defaults

An estimated 12.6% of primary mortgage loans were simultaneously originated with a second loan from 2004 until 2008, although relatively little is known about how the presence of such subordinate loans affects the default decisions of borrowers. We use a novel data series of loan servicing records from 2002 until 2010 to identify such borrowers and find evidence that the default behavior of these borrowers significantly differs from borrowers without second loans. Estimating a discrete‐time proportional odds hazard model, we find borrowers with a second loan were 62.7% more likely to default each month on their primary loan when conditioning alone on the attributes of the primary loan. However, borrowers of second loans were 58.3% less likely to default on their primary loan as compared to single‐loan borrowers with equivalent current combined attributes (i.e., loan‐to‐value, balance and interest rate). We hypothesize and provide empirical evidence that this occurs because borrowers with second loans have the option to sequentially default on each loan since subordinate lenders will not pursue foreclosure if borrowers have insufficient equity. Lenders of defaulted subordinate debt may revisit their decision to foreclose in the future after housing markets start to recover, thus prompting a new round of foreclosures.     

The Financial Stakes in Due-On-Sale: The Case of California's State-Chartered Savings and Loans

On August 25, 1978 the California Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of due-on-sale clauses unduly restricts the right of homeowners to sell their homes. On June 28, 1982, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Federal Home Loan Bank Board could permit due-on-sale enforcement because such enforcement was important to the financial stability of savings and loans. Both courts' decisions, though contrary in their effect on the clause, are based on the economic importance of the clause. Just how important is the clause? This paper calculates how much money the 1978 California decision (Wellenkamp) transferred from affected savings and loans to homebuyers. The yearly transfer by 1981 is estimated at between $58 and $170 million. For the lenders, this amounts to between a tenth and a quarter of total 1981 losses. For affected homebuyers, the savings average 25% of mortgage interest payments. On the basis of these calculations, both courts are correct about the importance of the clause.     

Are strategy-performance relationships contingent on macroeconomic environments? Evidence from Japan’s textile industry

This study examines the dynamic relationships between product and international diversification, keiretsu financing, and economic performance of the listed firms in Japan’s textile industry. Panel data analysis shows that the performance effects of those strategic factors are contingent on macroeconomic environments, rather than showing consistent relationships. The potentially positive or negative effects of particular diversification strategies and keiretsu financing are neutralized in the munificent environments, as exogenous macroeconomic factors overwhelm endogenous decision-making by the management. In the scarce setting, by contrast, it is those strategic factors that influence financial outcomes. Keiretsu financing moderates the relationship between international diversification strategy and profitability positively only during times of economic scarcity.

合理利用国际公约降低贷款利息支出——以哈萨克斯坦国际项目合作为例

随着中哈两国政治经济合作的日益加深,在哈中资企业的发展规模不断扩大。由于哈国银行的贷款利率较高,为节省利息支出,中资企业经常到国际市场上借贷。银行获得利息收入须缴纳相应的税款,但银行一般都要求借款人承担预提税,并将此作为贷款的一个基本条件。根据哈国税法,境外法人金融企业在哈国获得的利息收入需要支付15%的所得税,其他服务费用的所得税税率为20%。在适用国际公约之后,利息支出可享受所得税税率优惠。为此,借款企业须注意贷款人是否在避税港注册,并避免恶意使用纳税国际公约,另外还要按照程序要求及时办理境外纳税人的国民证明材料。     

Lender Steering in Residential Mortgage Markets

In this article, we examine the incentives for lenders to steer borrowers into piggyback loan structures to circumvent regulations requiring primary mortgage insurance (PMI) for loans with loan‐to‐value ratios (LTV) above 80%. Our empirical analysis focuses on propensity score‐matched portfolios of piggyback and single‐lien loans having the same combined LTV based on a full set of observed risk characteristics. Our results confirm that mortgages originated with the piggyback structure have much lower ex post default rates and faster prepayment speeds than corresponding PMI loans. We also find a significant causal effect of interstate banking deregulation on the growth of piggybacks in these years, confirming that the ex post performance gap is primarily driven by lender steering on the supply side and not by borrower self‐selection. We then perform a number of tests to explore different origination and execution channels of mortgage steering.     

基于互联网金融的创业企业融资优选模式研究

本文基于预购众筹、P2P 和股权众筹3种互联网金融模式的投融资决策过程，分别构建了投资者和创业企业（融资者）为决策主体的两阶段完全信息动态博弈模型，采用逆向选择法求取了纳什均衡，并分别详解了创业企业通过3种互联网融资渠道融资所获取的最优利润及其影响因素。研究发现，创业企业的融资目标金额、投资者获取的额外效用及收益贴现率是决定最优利润及其排序的关键指标。借助我国金融市场参数和互联网金融投资者偏好参数对收益贴现率和额外效用赋值后发现：随着创业企业融资目标金额的增加，创业企业为获取最优利润会依次优选预购众筹、P2P、股权众筹渠道进行融资。我国互联网金融平台的统计数据印证了这一结论。     

Credit Unions: Fringe Suppliers or Cournot Competitors?

Recent work has demonstrated the competitive relationship between credit unions and banks in consumer financial services. One issue underlying the nature of competition between the two, however, concerns the most appropriate way to model their interactions.Two possible approaches are the dominant-firm price-leadership model and the generalized Cournot model. In the former model, credit unions act as fringe suppliers who are price-takers in a homogeneous product market. In the latter, they possess (limited) market power. Oneway to distinguish the two is by examining the impact of credit union market shares on their pricing, as the two models imply differing effects. Our results are more consistent with the ``credit unions as fringe suppliers' view. Using a pooled cross-section time seriesof 77 small local consumer lending markets throughout the U.S., each with 10 observations over 5 years, the focus is on a loan product ex ante thought to be sold in local markets, unsecured (non-credit card) loans. For this product, increasing credit union market sharesreduces credit union loan rates, consistent with a fringe supplier hypothesis.     

The Impact of Dividend Reinvestment Plans on Firm Payout Choices—Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study investigates whether firm dividend payout choices are influenced by the presence of a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP). Given that DRIPs help retain capital, we show that dividend‐paying firms with a DRIP will tend to pay a high dividend and maintain a stable payout policy. Using a multinomial logistic model, we show that in comparison to REITs without DRIPs, REITs with DRIPs have a higher payout ratio and are less likely to: (1) pay regular dividends with extra dividends and share repurchases, (2) distribute extra dividends, repurchase shares, yet omit regular dividends and (3) omit all payouts. In addition, we find that REITs with a capital‐retaining DRIP invest more aggressively and such increased investment activities are undertaken without raising the reliance on external financing.     

Some Loans Are More Equal than Others: Third–Party Originations and Defaults in the Subprime Mortgage Industry

We show how agency problems between lenders (principals) and third–party originators (TPO; agents) imply that TPO–originated loans are more likely to default than similar retail–originated loans. The nature of the agency problem is that TPOs are compensated for writing loans, but are not completely held accountable for the subsequent performance of those loans. Using a hazard model with jointly estimated competing risks and unobserved heterogeneity, we find empirical support for the TPO/default prediction using individual fixed–rate subprime loans with first liens secured by residential real estate originated between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998. We find that apparently equal loans (similar ability to pay, option incentives and term) can have unequal default probabilities. We also find that, initially, the agency–cost risk was not priced. At first, the market did not recognize the higher channel risk, since TPO and retail loans received similar interest rates even though the TPO loans were more likely to default. We also show that this inefficiency was short–lived. As the difference in default rates became apparent, interest rates on TPO loans rose about 50 basis points above otherwise similar retail loans.     

Higher Highs and Lower Lows: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in CEO Dismissal

Research summary: Investing a firm's resources in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives remains a contentious issue. While research suggests firm financial performance is the primary driver of CEO dismissal, we propose that CSR will provide important additional context when interpreting a firm's financial performance. Consistent with this prediction, our results suggest that past CSR decisions amplify the negative relationship between financial performance and CEO dismissal. Specifically, we find that greater prior investments in CSR appear to expose CEOs of firms with poor financial performance to a greater risk of dismissal. In contrast, greater past investments in CSR appear to help shield CEOs of firms with good financial performance from dismissal. These findings provide novel insight into how CEOs' career outcomes may be affected by earlier CSR decisions. Managerial summary: In this study, we examined a potential personal consequence for CEOs related to corporate social responsibility (CSR). We explored the role prior investments in CSR play when a board evaluates the firm's financial performance and considers whether or not to fire the CEO. Our results suggest that while financial performance sets the overall tone of a CEO's evaluation, CSR amplifies that baseline evaluation. Specifically, our results suggest that greater past investments in CSR appear to (a) greatly increase the likelihood of CEO dismissal when financial performance is poor, and (b) somewhat reduce the likelihood of CEO dismissal when financial performance is good. Thus, striving to deliver profits in a socially responsible manner may have both positive and negative personal consequences. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.