基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱

为了使巴戟天配方颗粒的质量标准更加科学规范,通过对15批产自不同地区的巴戟天饮片进行标准汤剂的制备,以及对标准汤剂干膏粉进行研究,确定了巴戟天标准汤剂的出膏率范围;采用高效液相色谱法对主含成分耐斯糖进行了含量测定,研究了巴戟天配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱分析方法,并对特征谱图中的水晶兰苷进行了指认。结果表明,在以流动相作为提取溶剂、甲醇-水(二者体积比为3∶97)为流动相的条件下,耐斯糖含量的转移率范围为73.21%～94.49%,标准汤剂出膏率范围为49.05%～55.87%。基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱研究方法严谨、可行,更加科学地阐明了配方颗粒与标准汤剂研究的一致性。     

枳实标准汤剂质量研究

为更好地评价不同产地的枳实标准汤剂,建立了枳实标准汤剂中辛弗林含量及特征图谱的测定方法。采用高效液相色谱仪与InertSustain AQ-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5.0μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-磷酸二氢钾溶液为流动相,柱温为28℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为225 nm,对枳实标准汤剂中辛弗林含量、特征图谱进行了测定。结果显示,15批枳实标准汤剂出膏率均值为15.14%,范围为10.50%～19.91%,RSD为19.31%;辛弗林含量(质量分数)均值为9.07 mg/g,范围为5.92～15.21 mg/g,RSD为33.05%;辛弗林含量转移率均值为22.65%,范围为10.24%～47.70%,RSD为45.92%;15批枳实标准汤剂共确定7个共有峰,各峰相对保留时间均在±5%内,相对峰面积RSD均大于100%,相似度为0.655～0.936。这表明,不同产地的枳实出膏率、辛弗林含量及含量转移率较稳定;不同产地的枳实标准汤剂各成分间差异较大。经方法学考察认为,枳实标准汤剂中辛弗林含量及特征图谱的测定方法稳定,具有较高的重复性、稳定性及可信度,可用于枳实标准汤剂的质量评价,可为进一步深入研究枳实配方颗粒提供参考。     

牛蒡子标准汤剂质量评价体系的建立

为了提高牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量标准,制备了15批牛蒡子标准汤剂,通过对牛蒡苷含量及指纹图谱的研究,建立了牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量评价体系。第一煎加入8倍水,浸泡30min,煎煮20min;第二煎加入6倍水,煎煮15min,经浓缩、干燥后制得标准汤剂,应用HPLC法测定牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的含量及指纹图谱。结果显示:15批牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的转移率为21.3%～33.3%,平均转移率为27.3%,出膏率为7.1%～11.3%,平均出膏率为9.4%;通过中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统,确定了11个共有峰,通过对照品指认出了5个色谱峰,分别为绿原酸、咖啡酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、牛蒡苷、牛蒡苷元。所建立的评价体系,牛蒡子标准汤剂制备规范,样品质量稳定,指纹图谱相似度大于0.94,对提高牛蒡子配方颗粒的质量标准具有一定的参考价值。     

桑叶配方颗粒物质基准研究

桑叶配方颗粒迄今尚没有统一的质量标准。为提升桑叶配方颗粒的内在质量,对其物质基准评价方法进行了研究。选取具有代表性产地的15批桑叶制备物质基准,采用高效液相色谱法,以芦丁、异槲皮苷、紫云英苷作为评价指标,确定桑叶物质基准的出膏率范围、标志性成分含量及转移率范围,采用超高效液相色谱法,建立物质基准UPLC特征图谱,并对其主要成分进行指认。结果表明:15批物质基准中,芦丁转移率为19.94%～34.05%,异槲皮苷转移率为11.67%～43.58%,紫云英苷转移率为10.73%～43.05%;物质基准特征图谱中,标定了14个共有峰,指认出7个色谱峰,分别为新绿原酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-丙二酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷、紫云英苷。所建立的基准评价方法为桑叶配方颗粒质量标准的制定及其后续大规模生产提供了数据基础。     

HPLC法同时测定薄荷配方颗粒中6种成分的含量

为了提高薄荷配方颗粒的质量标准,建立其多指标定量评价体系,采用HPLC法同时测定薄荷配方颗粒中咖啡酸、橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、香叶木苷、香蜂草苷和蒙花苷6种成分的含量。采用Poroshell 120 EC-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇(A)-乙腈(B)-5%冰乙酸(C)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.6 mL/min,柱温为35℃,咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、蒙花苷的检测波长为330 nm,橙皮苷、香蜂草苷的检测波长为284 nm,香叶木苷的检测波长为380 nm。结果表明,薄荷配方颗粒中6种待测成分的线性关系、分离度、重复性均符合要求,各成分的平均回收率分别为99.19%,98.06%,100.45%,98.90%,100.17%,99.78%。不同厂家的薄荷配方颗粒中6种化学成分的含量存在一定差异。建立的HPLC分析方法简便、快速、准确,可以为薄荷配方颗粒的质量控制提供方法参考。     

近红外光谱法快速检测赤芍配方颗粒 芍药苷和浸出物含量

为了直接、快速地测定赤芍配方颗粒中芍药苷和浸出物的含量,解决回流烘干法测定耗时长、操作繁琐等问题,利用近红外漫反射技术,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立了测定芍药苷和浸出物含量的近红外光谱测定方法。选用积分球系统测定样品的近红外光谱,定量模型的预处理方法采用多元散射校正和一阶导数进行处理,光谱范围分别为5 492～5 103cm-1,7 428～7 201cm-1,6 942～5 322cm-1。结果表明,定量模型中芍药苷含量和浸出物含量的最佳主因子数分别为7和6,内部交叉验证均方差分别为0.082 6和0.226 0,决定系数(R2)分别为0.981 7和0.982 4,系统精密度RSD值分别为1.1%和0.9%,方法精密度RSD值分别为2.1%和1.6%,外部验证预测均方差分别为0.363和0.282。采用建立的近红外预测模型对赤芍配方颗粒进行快速测定,方法可行,分析快速、简便,结果准确,为赤芍配方颗粒的测定提供了高效方法。     

一测多评法同时测定车前子配方颗粒中3种成分含量

为实现对车前子配方颗粒多指标成分的质量评价,解决中药化学对照品分离难度大、单体性质不稳定、供应价格高等问题,建立了一测多评法同时测定车前子配方颗粒中的3种有效成分含量。以京尼平苷酸为内标物,建立与芦丁、毛蕊花糖苷的相对校正因子,测定其含量,同时采用外标法测定这3种成分的含量,比较两种方法的结果差异。结果表明:京尼平苷酸、芦丁、毛蕊花糖苷分别在0.804~8.040,0.172~1.720,0.158~1.580μg范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),平均加样回收率分别为102.52%,102.00%和101.86%,RSD值分别为1.64%,1.06%和1.07%。一测多评法所得结果与外标法差异不明显,具有较高的重复性、稳定性及可信度,可为车前子配方颗粒的质量评价提供参考依据。     

山楂标准汤剂的HPLC特征图谱研究

为了进一步研究山楂配方颗粒的质量控制方法,以山楂标准汤剂为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱仪与GL science C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.4%磷酸为流动相,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,应用特征图谱技术以及中药指纹图谱相似度评价软件提取山楂标准汤剂特征图谱中的特征成分。研究表明,15批山楂标准汤剂中共确定了7个特征峰,分离度较好,且峰面积较大,易于识别,使用参照物标定了3个特征峰成分,各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD值小于2.5%。所建立的山楂标准汤剂HPLC特征图谱方法可靠、稳定,为山楂配方颗粒质量控制提供了一定的参考。     

HPLC-DAD测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中3种成分

为了建立同时测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中芦丁、槲皮苷、木犀草素含量的有效方法,通过对流动相、检测波长、提取溶剂及提取方式等因素进行考察,最终确定了采用HPLC-DAD法同时测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中的3种成分,采用InertSustain AQ-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.5%醋酸为流动相,流速为0.8mL/min,检测波长为360nm,柱温为35℃。结果表明,芦丁、槲皮苷、木犀草素分别在0.216~5.410,0.185~4.635,0.147~3.680μg范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R2分别为0.999 5,0.999 6和0.999 7,平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.5%,100.1%和99.5%。该方法快速准确,专属性强,可用于仙鹤草配方颗粒的质量控制。     

浮小麦配方颗粒特征图谱及4种核苷类成分定量研究

为了实现浮小麦配方颗粒的质量控制和评价,采用高效液相色谱法,以Waters XSelect^? HSS T3(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)为色谱柱,在甲醇-水为流动相、梯度洗脱、柱温为30℃、流速为1.0 mL/min、检测波长为260 nm的条件下,建立了浮小麦配方颗粒的特征图谱及4种核苷类成分的含量测定方法。共确定了13批浮小麦配方颗粒特征图谱中的8个共有峰,并全部获得指认,分别为尿嘧啶、胞苷、次黄嘌呤、尿苷、腺嘌呤、鸟苷、色氨酸、腺苷,各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD均小于2.0%。尿嘧啶、尿苷、鸟苷、腺苷分别在0.001 9～0.047 3 mg/mL、0.003 9～0.098 2 mg/mL、0.002 8～0.070 1 mg/mL、0.002 9～0.073 0 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均加样回收率分别为99.0%、100.7%、101.2%、101.8%。所建立的核苷类成分含量测定方法准确、高效、重复性好,可用于浮小麦配方颗粒的质量控制。     

瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱研究

为了全面反映瓜蒌配方颗粒所含多种组分,明确瓜蒌配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱的测定方法,对10批瓜蒌配方颗粒进行了HPLC指纹图谱测定及相似度评价。采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为GL Sciences公司InertSustain AQ-C_(18)柱(4.6 nm×250 nm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为260 nm,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温为25℃,对瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱测定结果进行了相似度评价。结果表明,10批瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱中呈现16个共有峰,相似度均大于0.960,表明瓜蒌配方颗粒具有良好的一致性;此外,在16个共有峰中指认出腺嘌呤、尿苷2个化学成分。瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱反映了瓜蒌配方颗粒的多组分面貌,可为瓜蒌配方颗粒的多组分质量控制提供参考依据。     

Knowledge and Values in Technology Education

This paper addresses two closely interrelated issues in Technology Education: knowledge and values. The starting point for the discussion is analysis of the nature of knowledge in technology education. Approaches for theorising knowledge will be analysed in this paper as well as problems associated with them. Three major types of problems are identified: problems with finding an appropriate approach for the analysis of technological knowledge; problems with a technocratic interpretation of technological knowledge for the purpose of its classification; and problems with establishing a consistent approach to distinguish common features of technological knowledge. A model that represents knowledge in technology education and the place of values in it is presented as a way of overcoming the problems specified. The claim is made that understanding of knowledge/values relationships can improve theoretical understanding of how technology education can be constructed.     

Beyond Illinois Brick: The Law and Economics of Cost Pass-Through in the ADM Price Fixing Case

This article reviews the legal standards and theeconomics of pass-through to indirect purchasers andillustrates these principles with a case involving ADMin the market for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS).With three assumptions about production technologies,buyers of HFCS experience a 100 percent pass throughof the direct overcharge. The extent of pass throughof the increase by buyers is shown to dependcritically upon the market structure of the purchasingindustry and the shape of the retail demand curve. Flexible demand functional forms are needed to avoidconstraining estimated pass through rates.     

Firm Growth Under Sample Selection: Conditional <Emphasis>σ</Emphasis>-Convergence in Firm Size?

This paper tests the second, widely neglected implication of Gibrat’s law stating that the variance of firm size distribution increases over time. In contrast, learning models imply conditional σ-convergence in firm size. A unique data set of Austrian firms especially suited to account for sample selection effects is used to analyze the growth/size nexus of firms. The estimation results suggest that the predicted variance in firm size decreases only for firms of age 30 or below. For older age cohorts the hypothesis of a constant variance either cannot be rejected or increasing variances are found.     

On the Intricacies of the Chinese Guanxi: A Process Model of Guanxi Development

Guanxi (personal connection) has been identified as a necessary condition to do business successfully in China. In this paper, we seek a clear conceptual understanding of this prevalent construct and propose a three-stage model of guanxi development so as to stimulate systematic research in this area. Our conceptual and theoretical discussion of guanxi bases,guanxi objectives, and the operating principles at different stages of guanxi development will also help practitioners to use guanxi more effectively.     

基于k-means的纸质心电图数字化信息提取研究

针对临床诊断中纸质心电图容易遭到不同程度的损坏,且不便于保存的问题,探讨了纸质心电图的数字化问题。采用均值法降噪,在Sobel算法中加入了45°和135°2个方向的模板,利用k-means方法进行了改进,从而得到更加精准的心电图的数字化提取图形。实际验证发现,心电图的数字化提取精度得到了有效提升,有望在医疗实际中推广应用。     

Impact of personal and cultural factors on knowledge sharing in China

Knowledge sharing has been the focus of research for more than a decade and it is widely recognized that it can contribute to the success of an organisation. However, in comparison with other countries, relatively little work on this topic has been done in the Chinese context. Knowledge sharing is particularly interesting to study in the Chinese context at the individual level, given the unique social and cultural characteristics of this environment. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to explain how personal factors would affect people’s intention to share their knowledge. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Exchange Theory are used in this paper, as are the time dimension of national culture, face, and guanxi. A survey methodology is used to test the model. Face and guanxi orientation both exert a significant effect on the intention to share knowledge. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.