牛蒡子标准汤剂质量评价体系的建立

为了提高牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量标准,制备了15批牛蒡子标准汤剂,通过对牛蒡苷含量及指纹图谱的研究,建立了牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量评价体系。第一煎加入8倍水,浸泡30min,煎煮20min;第二煎加入6倍水,煎煮15min,经浓缩、干燥后制得标准汤剂,应用HPLC法测定牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的含量及指纹图谱。结果显示:15批牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的转移率为21.3%～33.3%,平均转移率为27.3%,出膏率为7.1%～11.3%,平均出膏率为9.4%;通过中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统,确定了11个共有峰,通过对照品指认出了5个色谱峰,分别为绿原酸、咖啡酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、牛蒡苷、牛蒡苷元。所建立的评价体系,牛蒡子标准汤剂制备规范,样品质量稳定,指纹图谱相似度大于0.94,对提高牛蒡子配方颗粒的质量标准具有一定的参考价值。     

基于UPLC指纹图谱的西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒的质量相关性研究

为了实现西洋参配方颗粒全生产过程的质量控制,采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)对其饮片、标准汤剂和配方颗粒的指纹图谱和量质传递进行了相关性研究。采用UPLC法测定18批西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、3批配方颗粒的指纹图谱、人参皂苷Rg₁,Re, Rb₁总量,以K值和各已知成分的转移率作为量值传递的评价指标,结合相似度评价法研究三者的相关性。结果表明：西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒指纹图谱均呈现8个共有特征峰,并指认出5个成分,三者的指纹图谱与相应对照指纹图谱及三者对照指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.95,人参皂苷Rg₁,Re, Rb₁的转移率及K值趋势一致,量值传递稳定。西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒的化学成分基本一致,三者具有良好的相关性。研究所得可对西洋参配方颗粒的质量标准研究提供实验及理论支持,并为后续以标准汤剂为基准的配方颗粒或经典方制剂质量控制提供了参考依据。     

金银花饮片—标准汤剂量质传递研究

为了阐明金银花饮片—标准汤剂量质变化及其分布规律,采用UPLC建立金银花饮片—标准汤剂特征图谱方法,并根据质谱分析进行化合物推断;利用新公式-K值分析化合物传递过程中的规律。结果表明,UPLC特征图谱方法重复性、精密度、稳定性良好;对11个特征峰进行结构推断,确定了9个特征峰：新绿原酸（峰1）、绿原酸（峰2）、断氧化马钱苷酸（峰3）、隐绿原酸（峰4）、獐牙菜苷（峰5）、断氧化马钱子苷（峰6）、异绿原酸B（峰8）、异绿原酸A（峰9）、异绿原酸C（峰11）;由K值分析可知,15批金银花饮片—标准汤剂过程各峰都进行了传递,新绿原酸和隐绿原酸K值大于1,绿原酸K值小于1,与绿原酸异构化生成新绿原酸和隐绿原酸有关;异绿原酸B和异绿原酸C的K值大于1,异绿原酸A的K值小于1,与异绿原酸A异构化生成异绿原酸B和异绿原酸C有关。由此,通过K值可分析金银花标准汤剂中量质传递规律,且符合有机酸类化学成分特性。建立的特征图谱方法准确、稳定、可靠,金银花饮片—标准汤剂新公式-K值能够辅助分析饮片—标准汤剂的量质传递规律,可为后续以标准汤剂为基准的配方颗粒或经典方制剂质量控制提供依据。     

基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱

为了使巴戟天配方颗粒的质量标准更加科学规范,通过对15批产自不同地区的巴戟天饮片进行标准汤剂的制备,以及对标准汤剂干膏粉进行研究,确定了巴戟天标准汤剂的出膏率范围;采用高效液相色谱法对主含成分耐斯糖进行了含量测定,研究了巴戟天配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱分析方法,并对特征谱图中的水晶兰苷进行了指认。结果表明,在以流动相作为提取溶剂、甲醇-水(二者体积比为3∶97)为流动相的条件下,耐斯糖含量的转移率范围为73.21%～94.49%,标准汤剂出膏率范围为49.05%～55.87%。基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱研究方法严谨、可行,更加科学地阐明了配方颗粒与标准汤剂研究的一致性。     

合欢皮标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱研究

为全面反映合欢皮标准汤剂多种组分的面貌,明确合欢皮标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱,对15批合欢皮标准汤剂进行了HPLC指纹图谱测定及相似度评价。采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为Waters Symmetry shield RP C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.04%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为210 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为25℃,对照指纹图谱对合欢皮标准汤剂进行相似度评价及聚类分析。结果表明,15批合欢皮标准汤剂指纹图谱中呈现10个共有峰,相似度为0.967～0.998,表明合欢皮标准汤剂具有良好的一致性;此外,在10个共有峰中指认出(-)-丁香树脂酚-4-O-β-D-呋喃芹糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、异槲皮苷2个化学成分。因此,合欢皮标准汤剂指纹图谱反映了合欢皮标准汤剂的多组分面貌,具有良好的可行性,可为合欢皮配方颗粒的多组分质量控制提供参考。     

浮小麦配方颗粒特征图谱及4种核苷类成分定量研究

为了实现浮小麦配方颗粒的质量控制和评价,采用高效液相色谱法,以Waters XSelect^? HSS T3(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)为色谱柱,在甲醇-水为流动相、梯度洗脱、柱温为30℃、流速为1.0 mL/min、检测波长为260 nm的条件下,建立了浮小麦配方颗粒的特征图谱及4种核苷类成分的含量测定方法。共确定了13批浮小麦配方颗粒特征图谱中的8个共有峰,并全部获得指认,分别为尿嘧啶、胞苷、次黄嘌呤、尿苷、腺嘌呤、鸟苷、色氨酸、腺苷,各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD均小于2.0%。尿嘧啶、尿苷、鸟苷、腺苷分别在0.001 9～0.047 3 mg/mL、0.003 9～0.098 2 mg/mL、0.002 8～0.070 1 mg/mL、0.002 9～0.073 0 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均加样回收率分别为99.0%、100.7%、101.2%、101.8%。所建立的核苷类成分含量测定方法准确、高效、重复性好,可用于浮小麦配方颗粒的质量控制。     

白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂质量评价体系构建

为了提高白鲜皮配方颗粒的质量标准,采用15批白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂,建立了质量评价体系。第1次加入10倍的水、浸泡30 min、煎煮20 min,第2次加入8倍的水、煎煮15 min,以标准化工艺制备标准汤剂,采用HPLC法测定黄柏酮和梣酮的含量及指纹图谱。结果显示:15批白鲜皮标准汤剂中黄柏酮的转移率为25.08%~44.08%,平均转移率为34.79%,标准偏差为5.37%;梣酮转移率为22.63%~32.86%,平均转移率为27.94%,标准偏差为3.56%;出膏率为20.56%~34.42%,平均出膏率为29.05%,标准偏差为3.33%。采用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统进行指纹图谱测定,得到共有峰10个,指认出白鲜碱、黄柏酮、梣酮3个峰。由此可知,白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂的制备工艺规范,样品质量稳定,指纹图谱相似度大于0.92,可用于白鲜皮配方颗粒的质量控制,并为白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂的应用和其他根茎类饮片的研究提供参考。     

HPLC-DAD测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中3种成分

为了建立同时测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中芦丁、槲皮苷、木犀草素含量的有效方法,通过对流动相、检测波长、提取溶剂及提取方式等因素进行考察,最终确定了采用HPLC-DAD法同时测定仙鹤草配方颗粒中的3种成分,采用InertSustain AQ-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.5%醋酸为流动相,流速为0.8mL/min,检测波长为360nm,柱温为35℃。结果表明,芦丁、槲皮苷、木犀草素分别在0.216~5.410,0.185~4.635,0.147~3.680μg范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R2分别为0.999 5,0.999 6和0.999 7,平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.5%,100.1%和99.5%。该方法快速准确,专属性强,可用于仙鹤草配方颗粒的质量控制。     

佛手标准汤剂中两种成分的测定方法研究

为提高佛手配方颗粒的质量评价标准,利用佛手标准汤剂控制佛手配方颗粒的内在质量。以15批不同产地的佛手饮片为原料,制备佛手标准汤剂,建立含量测定方法,以柚皮苷、橙皮苷为指标成分,测定了15批佛手标准汤剂的相关含量。结果表明:柚皮苷、橙皮苷分别在0.025 1～0.125 5,0.160 5～0.802 3μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为102.27%和101.48%,重复性考察RSD值分别为0.78%和0.89%,12 h稳定性考察RSD值分别为0.59%和1.46%。所提出的方法能同时测定柚皮苷和橙波苷两种成分,节约了分析时间,提高了佛手产品的质量标准。     

瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱研究

为了全面反映瓜蒌配方颗粒所含多种组分,明确瓜蒌配方颗粒HPLC指纹图谱的测定方法,对10批瓜蒌配方颗粒进行了HPLC指纹图谱测定及相似度评价。采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为GL Sciences公司InertSustain AQ-C_(18)柱(4.6 nm×250 nm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为260 nm,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温为25℃,对瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱测定结果进行了相似度评价。结果表明,10批瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱中呈现16个共有峰,相似度均大于0.960,表明瓜蒌配方颗粒具有良好的一致性;此外,在16个共有峰中指认出腺嘌呤、尿苷2个化学成分。瓜蒌配方颗粒指纹图谱反映了瓜蒌配方颗粒的多组分面貌,可为瓜蒌配方颗粒的多组分质量控制提供参考依据。     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.     

Collectivism,individualism, and outgroup cooperation in a segmented China

A consistent theme in cross-cultural management research is that collectivists are more cooperative than individualists. We use Hofstede's measure for individualism–collectivism and combine it with an experimental measure of cooperation to test this relationship in China. In contrast to the established paradigm, we find that groups with higher individualistic scores are more cooperative than those groups with higher collectivistic scores. We attribute these results to groups being composed of outgroup members. In addition, we find that subjects from the more developed coastal area are more individualistic and cooperative than are subjects from inland China.

电子产品的电磁兼容性设计

首先介绍电磁兼容性的基本概念与研究领域,然后重点阐述电子产品的电磁兼容性设计与测量。     

SPYRO在烯烃原料生产方案测算中的应用

文章对SPYRO裂解模拟软件在石化企业烯烃生产原料优化方案测算中的应用进行了比较深度的概括分析.结合该软件在上海石化的实际应用,认为在劣质化原油加工份额不断增加的趋势下,SPYRO裂解模拟软件有助于石化企业在烯烃生产原料优化选择、生产计划合理安排、原油加工生产效益比较等方面为企业相关决策者提供有效地帮助.     

施工企业工程项目部的建设浅论

工程项目的一次性决定了工程项目部的一次性，而工程项目成本中心与企业利润中心地位又辱致工程项目部的临时性，在工程项目实践过程中，项目经理部的一次性在实现其功能的过程中可能会产生很多局限和负面影响，故项目部应具有相对的稳定性，在此基础上，本对工程项目部建设实践进行了初步总结并提出了建议。     

European consumer preferences for beef with nutrition and health claims: A multi-country investigation using discrete choice experiments

The European Union (EU) nutrition labelling policy aims to facilitate consumers’ food choice, stimulate innovation and facilitate the circulation of foods bearing claims across countries. However, the beef industry has not fully taken advantage of utilizing nutrition and health claims based on the EU nutrition labelling policy to differentiate beef products in the market. This study investigates consumer preferences for nutrition and health claims on lean beef steak. Two choice experiments were conducted among 2400 beef consumers in four EU countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United and United Kingdom). Multinomial logit and error component models were estimated. Our results generally suggest that consumer valuation of nutritional and health claims varies across countries. In Belgium, the Netherlands and France, nutrition and health claims on saturated fat yielded higher utilities than claims on protein and/or iron, while the opposite was found among consumers in the UK. The results imply that marketing opportunities related to nutrition and health claims on beef are promising, but that different nutritional marketing strategies are necessary within different countries.     

Social media as a useful tool in food risk and benefit communication? A strategic orientation approach

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the determinants of risk perception and in identifying the necessary components of effective food risk and benefit communication, this has not been matched with the development of efficient and appropriate communication tools. Little work has been done examining the implications of the explosion of new media and web technologies, which may offer potential for improving food risk and benefit communication. First, this study examines the views of stakeholders (n = 38) and experts (n = 33) in the food domain on the potential use of these emerging media for food risk/benefit communication. Based on in-depth interviews in six European countries (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Spain and The Netherlands), strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of social media in food risk and benefit communication were identified. Second, a Strategic Orientation Round (SOR) was used to evaluate the relative importance of the SWOT components according to stakeholders (n = 10) and experts (n = 13). Results show that both stakeholders and experts confirm a future role of social media in food risk and benefit communication. Strengths as speed, accessibility and interaction make social media an interesting tool in crisis communication or issue awareness raising. Weaknesses as the lack of a filter, low trust, the risk of information overload and a communication preference for traditional media are acknowledged.