中印工业制成品贸易的本地市场效应比较研究

本地市场效应意味着一国的国内市场规模对工业制成品的出口具有促进作用。本文利用两个模型对中国和印度工业制成品贸易中的本地市场效应进行了检验,并通过相应的比较分析认为中国的工业制成品出口存在较为显著的本地市场效应,而印度出口的本地市场效应并不显著。相比之下,中国更具有本地市场效应带来的贸易持续发展的动力。但是,随着产业转移的推进和国内市场的日益扩张,印度多类工业制成品也具备获得本地市场效应的潜力。对于中国而言,在传统比较优势日益减弱的趋势下,更应充分重视本地市场优势对出口贸易的决定性作用,这样才能保证获得出口贸易上的持续优势。     

中国在东亚地区贸易结构中的地位和作用——基于零部件贸易的研究

本文从零部件贸易的角度分析了中国在东亚贸易结构中的地位。文中计算了中国和其他东亚经济体1992～2005年的零部件贸易额,在大量事实数据的基础上得出结论:中国在东亚地区以零部件进口为主,而与区域外市场之间以最终产品出口为主。同时,随着中国经济逐渐融入到东亚地区的生产网络中,东亚地区的"三角贸易"模式发生了转变:中国成为东亚地区的出口平台,进口来自于区域内较发达经济体的中间产品零部件,进行装配加工后将最终产品销往区域外市场。     

Patterns and determinants of intra-industry trade in Asia

Intra-industry trade (IIT) has gained in importance across Asia as a result of the rapid growth of Asian economies and their key role in the international fragmentation of production. This paper examines the level of IIT for 22 countries in East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia in 2003. IIT is measured as a multilateral trade-weighted index and is reported for ten different categories of goods in the primary and secondary sectors. In addition, the determinants of IIT are investigated using a Tobit regression model. The results indicate that ASEAN and the high-income countries in East Asia exhibit the highest levels of IIT, followed closely by China and India. R&D spending, openness, and a higher share of manufactured exports were found to promote IIT, while geographical distance and the difference in economic size had an adverse effect, especially for manufactured goods. The ASEAN free trade area was most prominently associated with IIT across all SITC categories. Central and South Asian regional trade agreements had a positive influence on IIT in primary products.     

China in the Global Response to Climate Change

China has a huge national interest in the success of the international effort to hold human-induced increases in temperature to 1.5 degrees – and therefore in global net emissions falling to net zero by 2050. China is essential to the success of the global effort – as a supplier of competitively priced equipment for the zero emissions world economy and as the world's largest current source of greenhouse gas emissions. Success is more likely for China and the world with international specialization in goods production for the zero emissions economy. This will require open international trade, with China supplying equipment and drawing zero emissions semi-processed goods from abroad. Success is more likely and will be achieved at a lower cost if there is close cooperation across national boundaries.     

Impacts of the Doha Round on Brazilian,Chinese and Indian agribusiness

The central themes to be addressed during the Doha Round of the world trade negotiations are the reduction of the agricultural production and export subsidies and improved market access for agricultural and non-agricultural goods. The G-20 group wields enough power to press negotiations at the Doha Round toward lower agricultural trade barriers and production and export subsidies. The objective of this study is to determine the impacts of the Doha Round on the economies of Brazil, China, and India. The Global Trade Analysis Project's (GTAP) general equilibrium model and database (version 7) are used. The Doha Round scenarios simulated in this paper consider the WTO agricultural production and export subsidy reduction requirement, and the application of the Harbinson approach, and Swiss formula to reduce import tariffs. Brazil and China present the highest GDP growth rate varying from 0.4 % to 1.4%. India shows a negative GDP growth rate in all scenarios, except in that which replicates the Uruguay Round. The welfare gains are positive, but small, for Brazil, China and India. The GDP loss observed in the economies of the EU25 and the US may make it difficult to reach a trade agreement at the Doha Round.     

The other trade war: Quantifying the Korea–Japan trade dispute

In mid-2019 a new trade war between Korea and Japan started heating up, while the U.S.–China trade war held the spotlight. This paper documents the recent Korea–Japan trade dispute and quantifies its economic impacts. We consider a set of non-tariff distortions—Japanese export controls combined with Korean boycotts of Japanese goods. We simulate the impact of these actions using a multi-region general equilibrium model calibrated to the GTAP version 10 accounts and observed trade responses in the Korea Customs Service data. We find a welfare loss of 0.144% ($1.0 billion) for Korea and 0.013% ($346 million) for Japan. Sectoral impacts include a 0.25% reduction in chemical production in Japan. In Korea the reduction in imports from Japan is offset by increases in domestic production and imports from other countries.     

Impact of ICT on trade in different technology groups: analysis and implications

The link between ICT use and trade flows has been widely discussed in the literature. It has been argued that the use of ICT contributes to the fall of trade costs. The analysis presented identifies the role of a specific ICT variable, namely the extent of use of Internet by the business community, in international trade. The export flows between 40 countries (OECD countries plus Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa) are analyzed. The results are presented for different technology groups of products, from high-tech to low-tech. The relationship between the use of Internet and trade in ICT goods is also considered.     

Vertical trade and China's export dynamics

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries that supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intra-regional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other Asian currencies does not necessarily hurt China's exports, as imported intermediate goods could become cheaper. The effect of intermediate goods costs depends critically on the share of intermediate goods used in China's export goods production and the degree of exchange rate pass-through in imported intermediate goods prices. If prices for intermediate goods are not very sticky, the effect through this channel could be large, and China's exports could even benefit. We find that these findings do not depend on China's choice of currency invoicing between the RMB and the US dollar or the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes.     

Is Financial Development Another Source of Comparative Advantage？ Evidence from China

Using panel data for 29 provinces in China during 1990-2004, the present paper attempts to explore a possible link between financial development and China＇s foreign trade. Three measures of comparative advantage in manufactured goods have been applied in our study, including Balassa＇s revealed comparative advantage, the net manufactured export index, and the Michaely index. We also use four indicators of financial development to identify the different functions of regional financial development, and to determine both size and efficiency features of financial institutions. The estimation results suggest that besides factor endowments, foreign firms and infrastructure, financial development has a quantitatively large and robust effect on China ＇ s manufactured goods trade. Therefore, further reform of China＇s financial system should be encouraged to fully exploit the comparative advantage of China＇s foreign trade.     

Four great Asian trade collapses

This paper introduces a new dataset of commodity-specific, bilateral import data for four large Asian economies in the interwar period: China, the Dutch East Indies, India and Japan. It uses these data to describe the interwar trade collapses in the economies concerned. These resembled the post-2008 Great Trade Collapse in some respects but not in others: they occurred along the intensive margin, imports of cars were particularly badly affected, and imports of durable goods fell by more than those of non-durables, except in China and India which were rapidly industrialising. On the other hand the import declines were geographically imbalanced, while prices were more important than quantities in driving the overall collapse.     

Ties Binding Asia,Europe and the USA

We investigate changes in Asia's regional and global trade linkages and their influence on macroeconomic relationships among Asia, Europe and the USA. We first document changes in tripartite trade patterns and discuss stylized facts about East Asia's trade structure, with particular focus on the role of China. China plays a critical role in the rapidly expanding intra‐Asian trade as an assembly and production center that supplies final goods for the advanced economies. However, China's trade shares in final goods with East Asia and in parts and components with Europe and the USA are rising, suggesting that the region's production chains are becoming increasingly integrated into the global business network. Empirical results from a panel vector autoregression model generally confirm increasingly mutual macroeconomic interdependence among East Asia, Europe and the USA. The findings suggest a future role for Asia as an important trade partner and balancing power in the world economy.     

Decomposing China–Japan–U.S. trade: Vertical specialization,ownership, and organizational form

We use the US International Trade Commission's uniquely detailed 1995–2007 Chinese Customs data to better understand the pattern of trade between China and its two largest trading partners, Japan and the United States. Our review finds that only a small share of these flows can be characterized as arm's length, one-way trade in final goods. Instead, we find extensive two-way trade, deep vertical specialization, concentration of trade in computer and communication devices, and a prominent role for foreign-invested enterprises. While these characteristics define both bilateral relationships, important differences between the two pairs do emerge, suggesting that trade costs influence the method by which multinationals choose to integrate their production with China. Consequently, we argue that dialogue on East Asian trade liberalization should include the possibility of significant production gains for the US from its inclusion in any regional agreements.     

经济全球化背景下中国与德国的贸易发展研究——基于贸易竞争性和互补性的实证分析

本文运用出口相似度指数测算了1999～2008年间中国与德国在欧盟15国市场和在世界市场细分商品上的竞争性,结果表明:虽然从变化趋势来看,中国与德国在欧盟15国市场上的贸易竞争性在逐渐下降,但是从绝对值来看中国与德国的贸易竞争性仍然比较激烈。在世界市场上,中国和德国在燃料、机器和运输设备以及其他制成品三类商品上都是竞争程度上升。运用显性比较优势指数测算了中国和德国的总体以及细分商品的比较优势,结果表明:中国从90年代中期以来出口产品结构中劳动密集型产品和资源密集型产品的地位已经趋于稳定,资本和技术密集型产品的地位开始上升,德国则在资本技术密集型产品上具有明显的比较优势。本文还运用贸易互补指数测算了中国和德国的贸易互补性,结果表明,中国和德国的贸易潜力是巨大的。文章最后根据分析提出发展中国与德国贸易的政策建议。     

Analysis on CO2 Emissions Transferred from Developed Economies to China through Trade

Based on a global input–output model, this paper investigates the CO₂ emission transfer between China and developed economies through trade. The results show that approximately 15–23 percent of China's production‐based emissions during 1995–2009 were induced by the production of goods and services satisfying final demand in developed economies. Decomposition of emission transfers shows that trade of intermediate products played a significant role in emission transfer from developed economies to China. Most developed economies have consumption‐based emission responsibilities that are higher than their production‐based responsibilities, whereas China's consumption‐based responsibility is significantly lower than its production‐based responsibility. We argue that a fair and efficient carbon accounting approach should take CO emission transfers from developed economies to developing economies into consideration. It is important that China and its developed trade partners cooperate in reducing emission transfers.     

中哈贸易竞争力及贸易结构动态分析

本文用MS、TC、CA指数测算了中、哈两国的国际贸易竞争力及双边贸易竞争力,用IIT指数测算了中、哈产业内（产品内）贸易情况。分析得出：中国对哈国具有竞争力的产品种类具有绝对优势,但贸易额比重不足1/2,而哈方贸易竞争力依赖于少数产品的大量出口;中国对哈国制成品贸易竞争力全面占优,不仅产品种类多,而且贸易额占比也远远高于哈方;中哈产品内贸易品种甚少,贸易比重甚低,且近5年内还有所下降;除＂资源型制成品＂外,属产品内贸易的工业制成品均为中低技术产品。为此,促进中哈贸易应放松管制和推进贸易便利化,优先解决多边和双边合作机制的协调执行和层次提升,稳步解决深层次的经济社会问题。     

中国对俄哈两国贸易发展比较研究

2010年以来中国已经成为俄哈两国第一大贸易伙伴.本文从贸易发展规模、贸易差额和贸易商品结构三个方面分析了中国对俄哈两国贸易发展的特点,即中国对俄哈两国贸易规模不断扩大且差距不断缩小;两国的贸易差额长期均以贸易逆差为主,近期转为顺逆差交替出现的阶段;进口商品高度集中在能源资源类商品,出口商品由低附加值商品转为高附加值商品.进而分析了中国对俄哈两国贸易在中国外贸、上海合作组织贸易及在俄哈本国外贸中的地位,从而展现了中国对俄哈两国未来快速发展的良好态势和广阔前景.     

服务联系成本、基础设施建设和东亚垂直分工:1992～2006

东亚因其迅速发展的国际生产网络而受到经济学界的广泛关注。本文从基础设施建设和服务联系成本的角度对东亚生产网络的成因展开研究。作者拓展了Limao和Venables的基础设施指数,并利用联合国贸易统计面板数据,在区分零部件和最终品贸易的情况下建立增广引力模型,对服务联系成本的影响进行细致梳理和量化分析。结果显示,基础设施的建设及服务联系成本的降低对东亚垂直分工体系的建立起到了巨大的促进作用。从促进出口的意义上看,基础设施建设有助于推动中国深入参与区域分工体系,并对未来恢复贸易增长产生积极效果。     

中国在全球生产网络中的转型路径与双边贸易失衡的定量分析——基于对垂直专业化和转口贸易修正后的双边贸易数据

在讨论全球生产网络转型时,中国与其他国家或地区的真实贸易往来情况是重要的研究基础。由于受到进口中间品价值转移和香港地区转口贸易的双重影响,传统贸易统计方法不能准确反映中国的双边贸易往来情况。本文着重于修正上述影响,并通过分析修正后的双边贸易数据和竞争力权重变化,揭示出中国在全球生产网络中的转型路径。本文认为,中国所处的生产网络是一个由美、英、德、法等国构成的需求层面与由中、日、韩等国构成的供给层面共同组成的供需体系。目前,在华跨国企业有将生产过程逐步向生产链上游拓展的趋势,东亚生产网络中的非核心中端部分呈现中国本土化和内部化特征。同时,处于生产链下游的低端劳动密集型行业正在向中国以外转移。这种向生产链上游拓展的趋势在短期内难以弥补低端行业转出中国所带来的缺口,中国出口增长放慢的趋势短期内不会显著改善。     

Trade Specialization in Latin America: The Impact of China and India

This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American (LA) economies. We construct a measure of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This RCA accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the RCAs of LA and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of LA—with the exception of Mexico—has been moving in opposite direction to the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India’s growth since 1990. JEL no.  F10, F14     

Trade Protection and Capital Imports in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector

Several studies have investigated the link between trade protection and productivity in developing economies. Others have looked into the relationship between technology imports and in-house technology production. This paper contributes to the literature by estimating the effect of trade protection on purchases of foreign capital goods for a panel of Mexican manufacturing plants. Product-market tariffs lower the probability that a plant will import capital goods, while both output and input tariffs are associated with smaller quantities of capital imports. Capital imports are also associated with higher productivity. Thus, trade barriers may indirectly lower productivity by inhibiting the importation of foreign technologies through capital goods.