外汇占款对货币政策的影响分析

通过对越来越受中国及整个世界经济关注的人民币升值问题的分析,引出了外汇储备、外汇占款、人民币升值三者的因果关系,并分析了由此对国内的货币政策可能带来的问题和难点,得出了外汇占款因素正越来越成为央行货币政策中的关键考虑因素之一,它也成为制约国内的货币政策作用的重要因素。目前央行货币政策需要面对的主要问题是：人民币汇率升值的压力、宏观经济增长带动的贷款大幅增长、物价继续上涨带来的通货膨胀风险。而要平衡三者的关系是目前央行货币政策的主耍难点．     

开放经济下国际收支对中国货币政策独立性的影响

随着中国对外开放程度的深化,国际收支在中国经济中暂居重要位置,其所带来的外汇占款可能已成为干扰中国宏观经济政策的重要变量之一。本文在这一背景下建立了三层次实证分析模型,就近年来外汇占款对中国货币政策独立性的问题进行了分析。分析结果表明,外汇占款对中国货币政策的独立性产生了较大干扰,中央银行被动使用一些货币政策工具进行对冲,但无法对冲的外汇占款仍造成国内流动性过剩,这种过剩流动性既会影响中国经济,同时也是国际金融市场影响中国经济的渠道。因此,中央银行有必要进行一系列改革,避免货币政策的独立性受到影响。     

开放经济下国际收支对中国货币政策独立性的影响

随着中国对外开放程度的深化,国际收支在中国经济中暂居重要位置,其所带来的外汇占款可能已成为干扰中国宏观经济政策的重要变量之一。本文在这一背景下建立了三层次实证分析模型,就近年来外汇占款对中国货币政策独立性的问题进行了分析。分析结果表明,外汇占款对中国货币政策的独立性产生了较大干扰,中央银行被动使用一些货币政策工具进行对冲,但无法对冲的外汇占款仍造成国内流动性过剩,这种过剩流动性既会影响中国经济,同时也是国际金融市场影响中国经济的渠道。因此,中央银行有必要进行一系列改革,避免货币政策的独立性受到影响。     

外汇储备高增长对货币政策的影响和相应对策

我国外汇储备的持续高增长使外汇占款成为我国基础货币投放的主渠道,这是我们不得不面对的主要经济问题之一。文章就我国外汇储备高增长的原因及对货币政策产生的影响进行分析,认为应加强货币政策间的协调。     

外汇占款下降对我国货币供给机制的影响研究

2002年以来,外汇占款一直是我国货币供给的主渠道,但2015年我国外汇储备连续多个季度出现净额下降,导致外汇占款不断下降。文章通过对2002~2015年的月度数据进行分析,研究外汇占款下降对我国货币供给机制的影响。研究结果表明:自2011年开始,外汇占款对我国货币供给的影响较之前有所下降,央行更多地通过公开市场操作、再贷款和创新性货币政策工具主动供应基础货币,大量增加金融机构贷款来补充流动性。未来央行应积极面对新的变化,构建新常态的货币供给机制,稳定市场的总体流动性水平。     

外汇占款下降对我国货币供给机制的影响研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

2002年以来,外汇占款一直是我国货币供给的主渠道,但2015年我国外汇储备连续多个季度出现净额下降,导致外汇占款不断下降。文章通过对2002～2015年的月度数据进行分析,研究外汇占款下降对我国货币供给机制的影响。研究结果表明：自2011年开始,外汇占款对我国货币供给的影响较之前有所下降,央行更多地通过公开市场操作、再贷款和创新性货币政策工具主动供应基础货币,大量增加金融机构贷款来补充流动性。未来央行应积极面对新的变化,构建新常态的货币供给机制,稳定市场的总体流动性水平。     

浅论中国汇率制度与通货膨胀

本文通过对中国近年来外汇储备增长给中国人民银行带来的人民币外汇占款的研究,对中国现行汇率制度对货币政策的冲击进行了简要分析。本文从三元悖论理论分析认为,随着中国对外经济开放程度增加,原有的保持独立自主的货币政策和维持实际上的固定汇率制度的政策组合已经难以为继,并据此对中国未来汇率制度的调整作出预测。     

我国外汇占款影响货币供给的实证研究

近年我国外汇储备的持续增长,造成外汇占款大幅增长,最后引致货币供给增加。本文将对我国外汇占款对货币供给的影响作用进行实证分析,结果表明我国外汇占款和货币供给量M2之间存在稳定的均衡关系,我国外汇占款的巨剧增长,容易导致货币市场失衡。     

外汇储备超常增长下的财政政策选择

2001年以来,我国外汇储备加速增长,到2006年10月份突破1万亿美元,成为世界第一大外汇储备国.巨额外汇储备造成了外汇占款激增,增加了基础货币投放,致使当前我国通货膨胀压力加大,进一步削弱了货币政策独立性和有效性.为此,文章提出利用适度扩张的财政政策,即通过政府发行长期债券的方式吸纳多余的外汇储备,扩大内需,调节经济内外平衡.     

外汇市场压力下的中国货币政策效果分析

对中国外汇市场压力（Exchange Market Pressure,EMP）、国内货币供给、利率、经济增长之间的相互关系进行分析表明：为应对外汇占款增加而导致的通货膨胀压力,货币当局的货币政策是紧缩性的。但是,紧缩性的货币政策又会引起EMP变大。因此,紧缩性的货币政策对通货膨胀的抑制效果只能是短期性的。此外,货币供给对经济增长有显著影响,利率变化对经济增长及资金流动的信号作用已经比较明显。美国金融危机背景之下,国内通货膨胀压力的基本消除为解决中国长期以来面临的货币政策困境提供了契机。     

我国货币政策影响因素分析——基于VAR模型分析

论文使用2006-2012年月度数据,基于VAR模型对影响我国货币政策的因素进行了协整分析,结果表明:财政赤字、外汇储备、资产价格与M2在长期存在均衡关系,且资产价格变动对于货币供应量的影响为最大;短期内,财政赤字、外汇储备、资产价格受到一个正的冲击,引起M2变动的最大值分别为0.1702%、0.1335%、0.2478%,财政赤字、外汇储备具有正效应,资产价格具有负效应,这三者因素对于我国的货币政策的影响不容忽视,应受到政策制定者的关注。     

China's trilemma: monetary policy autonomy in an economy with a managed floating exchange rate

Mundell's trilemma theory says that capital flow, exchange rate stability, and monetary policy autonomy cannot be achieved simultaneously. Using monthly data from the People's Bank of China from 1999 to 2019, we find that the trilemma theory is not nearly as tight in China's practice as in theory, and the central bank can internally offset the effect of exchange rate volatility by ways other than the monetary base (such as central bank securities). Our results also indicate that, before 2012, monetary policy autonomy in China was weak due to the problem of ‘funds outstanding for foreign exchange’. With the reform of the Renminbi (RMB) exchange rate system in 2005, the effectiveness of central bank securities in compensating for the flow of foreign exchange reserves has gradually been strengthened in China.     

Exchange Rates,Domestic Prices,and Central Bank Actions: Recent U.S. Experience

Central banks that are primarily concerned with the behavior of prices will use monetary policy to try to insulate prices from exchange rate changes. Prices then appear unresponsive to changes in the exchange rate. The observed relationships between prices and the exchange rate will reflect central bank actions instead of the underlying relationship between exchange rates and prices. This paper explicitly recognizes the role that policy plays in determining the observable relationships between exchange rates and prices, and in so doing, it illustrates how the underlying relationships can be unraveled. Using three different empirical approaches, we examine the recent experience of the United States. We find that the prices of various nondurable goods, and even of some services, respond modestly to the exchange rate, and we find that the responses emerge most clearly when the role of monetary policy is explicitly considered. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the Federal Reserve acts to mitigate the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on domestic prices.     

中国M2／GDP过高的成因分析及调控路径选择——基于动态超调与跨期权衡视角

本文以动态IS-LM-BP模型为基础,以跨期权衡为出发点,以国际货币供给失衡以及中国拥有巨额外汇储备为研究背景,对M2/GDP持续走高这一经济现象进行了分析。结论认为,M2/GDP的变化并非单一的货币现象,而是受循环于实物经济体系之外的货币供给量的变化以及国际贸易不均衡、金融制度扭曲、经济结构缺陷等一系列因素的影响,我国金融管理当局应使用各种政策的组合来调整M2与GDP产出的关系。     

Exchange rates,stock prices,and money markets: evidence from Singapore

This paper uses a monetary approach to analyze the asymmetric asset-price movements (exchange rates and stock prices) in Singapore, a small open economy with managed exchange rate targeting. The Singapore dollar exchange rates vis-à-vis the developed countries’ currencies are negatively related to stock prices whereas the relationship between the Singapore dollar-Malaysian ringgit exchange rate and stock prices is positive instead. The pattern of asymmetry is explained by the relative exchange-rate elasticity of real money demand and real money supply and evidenced by the distributed-lag regression and VAR analysis. Furthermore, the distributed-lag regression of monthly data suggests that fiscal revenues as well as fiscal expenditures exert positive influences on stock prices.     

Does Money Have a Role in Monetary Policy for Price Stability under Inflation Targeting in Thailand?

This paper deploys Thai quarterly data for the study period 1999q1–2014q4 to econometrically investigate the proposition that money growth is an important, if not the sole, determinant of inflation under inflation targeting and that the money growth-inflation relation is not conditional on the stability of the money-demand function. The autoregressive distributed-lag (ARDL) bounds-testing results suggest that, across the study period, the Thai money stock (narrow or broad), real output, prices, interest rates and exchange rates maintained a long-run equilibrium relationship. The associated error-correction model of inflation confirms the cointegral relationship among money (narrow or broad), real output, prices, interest rates and exchange rates. It also suggests that money growth has a significant distributed-lag impact on inflation. The presence of this money growth-inflation relationship was associated with a stable narrow money-demand function, whereas the broad money-demand function remained unstable. These results for the study period are consistent with the view that the causal relationship between money growth and inflation holds in Thailand under inflation targeting when the Bank of Thailand deploys a short-term policy interest rate, rather than a monetary aggregate, as the instrument of monetary policy and that this relationship is not conditional on the stability of the money-demand function.     

Commodity prices and the macroeconomy: An extended dependent economy approach

This paper proposes a straightforward model for analysing the impact of export commodity price fluctuations on open macroeconomies with particular reference to Australia and New Zealand, major commodity exporters in the Asian region. It extends the dependent economy approach, first by re-specifying goods and services production as either exportable, importable or non-tradable, and second by adding a monetary sector to highlight key linkages between commodity prices, the exchange rate, price level, national output and trade account. The framework sheds new light on the phenomenon of ‘commodity currencies’, how exchange rate movements shield national output from terms of trade shocks, the importance of economic openness in this process, and the significance for monetary and exchange rate policy of short term, versus sustained, commodity price movements.     

外汇储备增量与我国宏观经济的耦合作用探究

由于改革开放以来我国经济的飞速发展,使我国的综合国力、国际经济贸易以及国家外汇储备量显著提升。那么外汇储备量高是否必然就是好事呢?其实也不尽然,外汇储备量大也可能带来很多弊端。外汇储备量与我国的宏观经济存在着密切的关系,二者偶联在一起相互影响。那么外汇储备究竟如何影响我国经济,而我国又应该采取何种货币政策呢?本文就将就这些问题作初步探讨,希望对促进我国经济健康快速发展做出一定贡献。     

Autonomy and Effectiveness of Chinese Monetary Policy under the De Facto Fixed Exchange Rate System

This paper uses monthly data to examine the autonomy and effectiveness of monetary policy in China under the de facto fixed exchange rate arrangement in place from 1998 to 2005. The results obtained from Granger causality tests in a vector autoregression framework indicate that： （i） China actually conducted independent monetary policy during the fixed exchange rate period; and （ii） market-oriented policy measures are impotent in influencing real output and prices. The framework of the investigation into the autonomy of monetary policy adapts to the Chinese economic condition that primary loan and deposit rates are set by the central bank. Based on the empirical results, the present paper provides alternative strategies to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including developing the financial system and solidifying microeconomic fundamentals instead of forcing the adaptation of a more flexible exchange rate regime.     

Exchange Rate and Inflation Dynamics in a Resource Rich Setting: The Case of Zambia

This paper investigates the relationship between copper prices, the exchange rate and consumer price inflation in Zambia using a structural vector autoregression with quarterly data for 1995–2014 and a combination of sign and zero restrictions to identify relevant global and domestic shocks. The paper makes two contributions. First, it provides new measures of exchange rate pass through (ERPT), based on less restrictive assumptions than previous estimates, to show how changes in the value of the kwacha are reflected in changes in consumer prices (distinguishing food and non‐food inflation). Second, the ERPT is disaggregated to demonstrate that measured ERPT depends on the nature of the shock, with implications for policy responses. Although the price of copper is the most important driver of the exchange rate, the fluctuations it caused are associated with a low pass‐through of about 7% (consistent with a period of relatively low inflation). Exchange rate fluctuations caused by monetary shocks, in contrast, come with a pass‐through of up to 25% (and even more for food prices). A fast response by monetary authorities can mitigate the adverse effects of exchange rate shocks.