WTO反倾销协议日落复审条款及美国反倾销日落复审国内法之比较研究

依照WTO反倾销日落复审制度，反倾销税在征收5年后应该终止。但事实上我国的出口产品在美国被采取反倾销措施5年后，并没有因此规定而被停止征收反倾销税，这种无限期地实施反倾销措施偏离了世界贸易组织设置反倾销日落复审初衷。文章对WTO反倾销协议中的日落复审条款和美国反倾销日落复审的国内法进行了详细的分析，并指出美国反倾销日落复审的国内法存在违背WTO协议的可能，进而为我国企业提供有针对性的对策。     

DUMPING AND "MATERIAL INJURY": A THEORETICAL NOTE

This paper looks at the notion of “material injury” when used as a condition for levying antidumping duties. Using a standard geometric model, we argue that the material injury suffered by import‐substituting industries is only one side of the dumping coin; it is necessary also to consider the possible benefits that other stakeholders, including consumers and other domestic producers, may derive from lower import prices. The decision whether to introduce antidumping duties should ideally be based on the net effect that dumping has on the social welfare of the broader community.     

Antidumping and foreign divestment: Japanese electronics multinationals in the EU

This paper explores the relationship between the closure of “antidumping jumping” manufacturing plants and the repeal of antidumping measures. Of 67 identified Japanese “antidumping jumping” production lines in the EU in 1990 only 31 remained in operation in 1999. Analysis of the probability of divestment for 209 Japanese plants in the broadly defined electronics industry shows that Japanese plants of manufacturing products for which antidumping duties had been repealed are significantly and substantially more likely to be divested. The results suggest that the potential positive effects of antidumping duties on host economies by inducing inward investment are in many cases short-lived and easily overestimated. JEL no. F23, F13, L11     

The impact of the U.S. unfair trade laws: A preliminary assessment

The Impact of the U. S. Unfair Trade Laws: A Preliminary Assessment.- This paper examines how the U.S. unfair trade laws affect imports and import-competing industries. It does so by analyzing data from the U. S. antidumping and antisubsidy cases completed between 1980 and 1992. The results of the paper suggest that the U. S. unfair trade laws significantly reduced “unfair” imports during this period. The paper also finds evidence that U.S. producers were the primary beneficiaries of this import reduction.     

中国彩电在美反倾销案中失利的反思

本文分析中国企业在美国对中国彩电反倾销案中失利的原因,阐述失利后如何应对反倾销。中国彩电反倾销失利的主要原因是:美国不认可中国的市场经济地位并通过反倾销手段控制中美双边贸易的不平衡和保护国家经济安全;我国彩电出口还没有摆脱低价格和数量扩张为主的格局。     

反倾销与美中双边产业内贸易:经验分析

本文针对反倾销与美中双边产业内贸易关系问题,运用GL指数和二元Logit模型研究发现,1995～2006年美国对华反倾销摩擦张力较大的20类涉案产品,其产业内贸易指数都比较小,且美方处于较大的贸易逆差失衡压力,这些成为引发美国对华不断发起反倾销贸易摩擦的实质原因。并且,从经验上否定了反倾销密集程度与美中双边产业内贸易程度的正相关关系。结论是,美中双边产品产业内贸易程度较低,且美国处于贸易逆差失衡的产品最容易招致美国对华反倾销行为。     

Effects of U.S. Trade Remedy Law Enforcement under Uncertainty: The Case of Steel

This paper investigates the impact of U.S. trade remedy law enforcement on import penetration of foreign-manufactured steel into the U.S. steel market. Given the quasi-judicial process for implementation of the two provisions relevant to U.S. steel imports, section 701 (countervailing duty) and section 731 (antidumping duty), I derive the probability-augmented model to be used as the theoretical basis for the research. The results obtained in this paper indicate that the trade remedy policy was effective. However, the elasticity-measured degree of effectiveness was small.     

Antidumping protection hurts exporters: firm-level evidence

This paper estimates the impact of antidumping protection on export behavior of French firms covered by antidumping cases. Traditional models suggest that all domestic firms covered by antidumping protection should benefit from protection. However, in an environment of globally fragmented supply chains, firms may be damaged by protection if duties increase input costs for firms covered by the protection. Results from this paper indicate that while non-exporting firms benefit from protection, domestic sales of export-oriented firms and exports in general, are depressed due to protection. This effect is more severe for multinational firms.     

Trade Destruction and Trade Diversion: Evidence from China

Over the past three decades, we have seen a dramatic increase in the incidence of temporary trade barriers such as antidumping duties and countervailing duties. China has been at the receiving end of a large number of such measures. In this paper, we study how China's exports to its major trade partners have been affected when its major trade partners have used these measures either against China or against other countries. We find that Chinese exports to the country that imposed an antidumping duty decreased by approximately 35 percent. At the same time, an antidumping duty used by the importing country that was directed towards other countries but not against China led to an approximate 30‐percent increase in China's exports to the policy‐imposing country. These results remain robust across various specifications. Our findings have important policy implications. In particular, the magnitude of these effects highlights why it is important to curb the recent widespread use of these barriers.     

美国对华反倾销的统计分析

1980—2005年间,美国越来越重视对华反倾销措施的使用,美国对华反倾销案件涉及的行业比较集中,钢铁业、化工业和机电业这三个行业被诉次数最多,而涉及这三个行业的案件的裁定结果却存在着较大的差异。     

The Spread of Antidumping Regimes and the Role of Retaliation in Filings

Over the past decade, the worldwide use of antidumping has become very widespread—41 WTO-member countries initiated antidumping cases over the 1995-2003 period. From another perspective, U.S. exporters were subjected to 139 antidumping cases during this period, by enforcement agencies representing 20 countries. In this context, it is natural to consider whether antidumping filings may be motivated as retaliation against similar measures imposed on a country's exporters. This is the focus of our study, though we also control for the bilateral export flows involved and nonretaliatory impacts of past cases, with other motivations—macroeconomic, industry-specific, and political considerations—dealt with through fixed effects. Applying probit analysis to a WTO database on reported filings, we find strong evidence that retaliation was a significant motive in explaining the rise of antidumping filings over the past decade, though interesting differences emerge in the reactions to traditional and new users of antidumping.     

An Econometric Analysis of U.S. Antidumping Sunset Review Decisions

This paper is the first comprehensive analysis of the U.S. antidumping sunset review process required under WTO commitments. The econometric models study determinants of decisions by three U.S. actors: the petitioning industry, the Department of Commerce (DOC), and the International Trade Commission (ITC). Domestic industries facing potential vigorous competition seem to use sunset reviews to maintain current high domestic profits. U.S. governmental institutions use criteria broadly consistent with their legal obligations. Exports involving Chinese firms may face negative bias in the ITC process. JEL no. F1, F13     

Are Antidumping Duties for Sale? Case‐Level Evidence on the Grossman‐Helpman Protection for Sale Model

Do contributions to politicians affect trade policy? To examine this question, we have compiled a new, unique database containing information on political donations by the specific firms and labor organizations that have petitioned for antidumping protection from imports, as well as data on the outcomes of their requests. Using an empirical framework based on the 1994 “protection for sale” model, we examine the relationship between antidumping decisions and political activism. Our results indicate that money does matter. We find that politically active petitioners are more likely to receive protection and that antidumping duty rates tend to be higher for that group. In addition, the relationship between the import penetration ratio and duties imposed depends on whether or not petitioners are politically active—antidumping duties are positively correlated with the import penetration ratio for politically inactive petitioners but negatively correlated for politically active petitioners, consistent with the Grossman‐Helpman model's predictions.     

Why don’t foreign firms cooperate in US antidumping investigations? An empirical analysis

Foreign firms face punitive duties if they do not cooperate with the US Department of Commerce (DOC) in antidumping procedures. For example, 37% of all foreign firms involved in antidumping investigations in the US faced “facts available” margins for the 1995–2002 period, with average antidumping duties of 31% for cooperating foreign firms, compared to 87% for those who did not cooperate. The existing literature has focused on how DOC discretion has led to foreign firm non-cooperation. This paper instead examines individual foreign firm’s decisions about whether to cooperate during this same period. We find evidence that non-cooperation is consistent with a model of foreign firms rationally choosing not to cooperate, rather than solely as a result of investigating authority bias against imports.     

日本反倾销政策及其特点探析

日本是世界上最早实施反倾销制度的国家之一，其反倾销政策具有自身的特点。同时，在美国和欧盟等发达国家或地区纷纷采用反倾销手段保护本国产业、国际反倾销摩擦愈演愈烈的大背景下，同为发达国家的日本却很少发起反倾销调查。本文从日本反倾销政策的基本内容出发，考察了日本反倾销政策及其实践的特点，并分析了形成这些特点的相关原因。     

反倾销政策与研发竞争

借助异质产品的Bertrand双寡头模型,本文分析了一国反倾销政策对该国企业和外国企业的研发、产品价格及社会福利的影响。研究结论表明:与自由贸易相比,当产品的差异度较小时,受反倾销政策保护的企业会策略性地利用反倾销政策而退出国外市场,减少研发投入,进而提高产品价格,而遭受反倾销政策约束的外国企业由于其研发投入的边际收入增加,因而会增加研发投入,降低产品价格。此外,反倾销政策的存在还有可能促进各国社会福利的提升。     

论美国对华反倾销的不公平性及因应策略

美国是最早建立反倾销法律制度的国家之一,也是发起反倾销行动最为频繁的国家。迄今,美国已经对中国出口产品发起120余起反倾销调查案,其中多数导致中国产品最终被迫退出美国市场。究其原因,除了法律层面的保护外,与美国长期对中国产品采取特殊的反倾销规则和方法所导致的扭曲是分不开的。本文从法律制度和反倾销实践两个方面论述了美国对华反倾销的不公平性,并在此基础上就中国政府、企业和相关组织如何预防和纠正美国对华反倾销不公平性提出意见和建议。     

1997—2008年中国对外反倾销成因及特征定量研究

文章在多方面总结了我国反倾销成因基础上,从反倾销总体特征、行业分布、结案方式、税率水平及结构等方面多角度分析了我国反倾销的总体特征。认为我国反倾销绝对数量增长较快但相对强度并不高;我国反倾销的对象以发达国家为主,在各种因素作用下反倾销已成为我国化工产业的长期战略工具;反倾销结案以征税为主,价格承诺比重低,实践上易导致低效保护及投资跨越;高税率及离散的关税结构易加剧对生产和贸易的扭曲。     

U.S. Antidumping Enforcement and Macroeconomic Indicators Revisited: Do Petitioners Learn?

We contribute to the literature on the political economy of U.S. antidumping enforcement through an analysis of the pattern—and macroeconomic determinants—of country-specific antidumping petitions filed by U.S. firms against 15 countries between 1981 and 1998 (examining quarterly data). We reconcile some seemingly inconsistent results from the prior literature by suggesting that “learning” by petitioners about the administration—in practice—of the U.S. trade laws has led to changes in the roles of the macroeconomic determinants over time. JEL no. F13     

美国贸易逆差的福利效应研究——基于OLG和R-C-K理论的实证分析

本文从促成美国贸易逆差的因素之一,即美国政府财政赤字的角度,以世代交叠模型和拉姆赛-卡斯-库普曼理论为基础,构建相应的计量模型,对美国贸易逆差的福利效应进行了实证分析。结果表明:美国政府财政赤字的确在一定程度上促成了其持续贸易逆差;持续的贸易逆差对当前和将来福利水平的提高有着积极的促进作用,并且不存在所谓的福利水平的代际转移;中国对美贸易顺差是互利双赢的贸易结果。根据上述结果,本文提出了政策启示及进一步研究的方向。