Indonesian Intergovernmental Performance Grants: An Empirical Assessment of Impact

The government of Indonesia has now piloted two different output-based performance grants to regions. One focuses on increasing the amount and quality of local government capital spending. The other provides incentives for local governments to augment equity investments in their water enterprises and for the enterprises to use those investments to increase the number of household water connections to the poor. Impact evaluations of the two grants suggest some reasonably positive outcomes against the stated objectives. While the assessed impacts may not match the expected outputs (as argued by many performance grant enthusiasts), these impacts provide a plausible basis for the sustained development and use of such grants. The alternative would be to continue to rely exclusively on the equity-based approaches that have dominated intergovernmental fiscal relations in Indonesia and have led to rather weak local public service outcomes.     

区域经济一体化下的横向府际关系——以府际合作治理为视角

区域经济一体化是当今经济发展的一个潮流,地方政府在区域经济一体化中起到了重要的作用,但是横向府际关系中存在很多的矛盾和冲突,如果处理不好会影响经济的持续发展。从区域行政到区域治理的转化,是经济一体化背景下地方政府的去向。文章从合作治理的角度探讨区域经济一体化过程中的横向府际关系,以消除区域一体化中存在的贸易壁垒和政策失灵,促进区域经济可持续发展。     

财政管理体制改革的现实因应:自治模式抑或命令模式

从多级政府间财政关系的理论出发,对中央政府处理多级政府间财政关系的两种财政管理模式进行对比分析,并对基层财政困难的根本原因进行探讨后认为,中央政府介入省以下财政管理体制的设计,实行命令模式的财政管理体制应是我国财政管理体制改革的方向。     

FISCAL ILLUSION AT THE LOCAL SPHERE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE FLYPAPER EFFECT USING SOUTH AFRICAN MUNICIPAL DATA1

While South Africa operates a relatively decentralised governance and administrative structure, an important feature of the country's intergovernmental fiscal relations system is the gap that exists between the expenditure responsibilities of sub‐national authorities and their assigned revenue bases. The resulting vertical fiscal imbalance is mainly addressed via significant intergovernmental transfers to provinces and local governments. This factor presents strong a priori grounds for assuming that in the South African context, the heavy dependence of many local governments on intergovernmental transfers may generate fiscal illusion. Despite this, there have not been many empirical studies of fiscal illusion in South Africa's intergovernmental transfer system. This paper extends existing literature on fiscal illusion by using the fiscal year 2005/06 financial and expenditure data from 237 local government authorities in South Africa to evaluate the flypaper variant of the fiscal illusion hypothesis. Empirical results indicate that the marginal effects of municipal own‐source revenues on local expenditure exceed those of intergovernmental transfers. No statistical evidence in support of the flypaper hypothesis within the context of municipal expenditures in South Africa is found.     

北部湾经济区地方政府间合作的制度化协调——区域政府法制协调与创新系列之一

经济区地方政府间合作就是根据社会和经济发展的需要,通过政府机构重组、职能转变,形成高效灵活的政府组织和密切协作的政府间关系的动态过程。通过区域政府整合可以有效发挥地方政府作用,协调区域间竞争与冲突,消除阻碍要素流动的行政因素,实现产业、空间、市场等的整合发展。     

公共财政视角下的农村新型合作医疗制度——以安徽为例

财政转移性支出是世界各国普遍采用的平衡地方财政与重点扶持一些地区的重要手段,也是我国实行分税制之后地方财政收入和公共服务领域存在明显差距现状的必然选择。随着新型农村合作医疗试点工作全面展开,新型合作医疗筹资的资金来源和资金来源的可持续性问题成为新型农村合作医疗主要制约因素。本文通过对安徽省存在的筹资问题和影响因素分析,指出中央转移性支出对于落后地区新型合作医疗筹资的必要性。     

我国地方区域关系发展动力机制与趋势

随着市场经济的发展,我国地方区域关系呈现出快速发展的态势,形成了以长三角、泛珠"9+2"和京津冀都市圈等为主的地方区域发展模式。地方区域关系的发展历程与我国改革开放以来政府间关系的不断调整有着密切的关系。其发展的动力和内在逻辑是由三对矛盾运动共同构成的:中央政府制度供给与地方政府制度需求矛盾、政府间利益博弈与利益整合矛盾、政府与市场矛盾。目前,我国地方区域关系发展正由制度替代发展时期走向政府集体自觉行动发展时期。     

创业投资政府引导基金政策扩散研究——基于全国31省数据的事件史分析

创业投资政府引导基金是解决初创企业融资难等市场失灵问题的典型政策工具，本文以2005-2015年全国31个省份数据为例，利用事件史方法分析我国省级创业投资政府引导基金政策的扩散机制。研究发现：创业投资引导基金政策的总体扩散过程主要受到纵向府际关系和政府创新易感性的影响；省级创业投资引导基金政策在时间维度上符合阶梯型累积分布曲线规律，其背后逻辑是不同时期政策创新扩散的动力源和阻力源不同，前期扩散的动力源主要是纵向府际关系和政府创新易感性，经济发展水平对政策扩散存在阻滞作用，而后期扩散的动力源主要是纵向府际关系，企业研发经费支出和省长的相关工作经历对政策扩散存在阻滞作用。本文不仅从公共政策视角加深了对中国创业投资引导基金政策的认识，也丰富和拓宽了已有公共政策扩散的相关成果。     

A framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations in South Africa

South Africa is in the process of developing a new governmental structure. In this paper the principles governing intergovernmental fiscal relations are examined. The main types of government and the conditions for an efficient decentralized structure, as well as the assignment of expenditure functions and tax bases to the various levels of government, are discussed. The inevitable imbalance between expenditure and revenue requirements at subnational level and possible remedies are noted. General guidelines for the design of intergovernmental fiscal relations in a revised governmental structure are presented in conclusion.     

横向府际关系中的利益演化均衡

随着横向府际关系不断地调整和变迁,合作已经成为一种全球化趋势。文章从我国横向府际关系的演变历程出发,运用演化博弈论分析了我国地方政府间的竞合行为,并试图从外部监督协调机制的建设和地方政府间信任度的建立,来探寻实现地方政府间合作的利益均衡路径。     

我国公共领域投资体制改革的基本思路

本文通过对公共领域投资体制中的两个核心问题:中央和地方关系问题以及政府与社会组织关系问题的分析,指出,中央和地方政府在公共投资中的责任与财力不协调,以及政府过多进行公共领域直接投资是目前我国社会体制建设、社会转型的最大难题,并提出必须通过改革,来建立中央和地方政府在公共领域的责任与财力匹配机制,建立合作伙伴关系,逐步把社会组织培育成公共服务的重要提供者之一。     

Welfare Financing: Grant Allocation and Efficiency

Welfare is often administered locally, but financed through grants from the central government. This raises the question how the central government can prevent local governments from spending more than necessary. We analyze block grants used in The Netherlands, which depend on exogenous spending need determinants and are estimated from previous period welfare spending. We show that, although these grants give rise to perverse incentives by reducing the marginal costs of welfare spending, they are likely to be more efficient than a matching grant, and more equitable than a fixed block grant.     

Local Taxation in Indonesia: Opportunities for Reform

The Indonesian Government has recently completed a major reform of national taxation; an obvious follow-up is the reform of local taxation. Provinces and kabupaten/kotamadya levy a wide range of local taxes, but with the exception of provincial taxes on motor vehicles, these are mostly small, inelastic and costly to collect. In addition, many have undesirable equity and efficiency implications. This paper analyses the present range of local taxes in terms of a set of criteria, and discusses such issues as local fiscal performance, the effect of multiple taxes, and taxation versus charging. The paper concludes with a review of the options for reform aimed not only at simplifying and improving local taxation, but also at reducing local government's dependence on central government grants.     

府际竞争、政府行为与企业上市风潮——基于地方政府推动企业上市行为的思考

地方政府推动企业上市已经成为普遍的一种现象,文章对此问题进行了思考。认为由府际竞争引发的地方政府推动企业上市的政策刺激冲动,有助于地方社会经济的发展。同时,要冷静面对当前由各地政府推动的企业上市风潮,要防范市场竞争机制被破坏、避免地方政府的经济风险及道德风险、切断企业对政府的政策依赖。     

当前农地保护中应厘清的几对关系

本文在我国农地流失形势日趋严峻的形势下,通过对农地保护中中央与地方政府、地方政府与农民、农民与土地、农地利用与社会经济发展和城市发展与农地保护这几对关系进行厘清,以期能够正确处理这些关系,确保中央政府提出的耕地保有目标,促使农地保护与社会经济能够和谐发展。     

Juggling central control and provincial fiscal autonomy in South Africa

In this article it is argued that sound fiscal relations between national and subnational governments are based on a balance between central control and local fiscal autonomy. After sketching the theoretical aspects of the problem, we discuss some of the fiscal problems experienced by South Africa's provinces since 1994. We then argue that these problems are caused by insufficient provincial fiscal autonomy. Some suggestions are made as to how provincial fiscal autonomy may be reinforced without compromising central government control to an unacceptable degree.     

South Africa's infrastructure service delivery needs: The role and challenge for public‐private partnerships

South Africa's development challenges include over R100 billion needed in investment in infrastructure over the next ten years. Municipalities lack the institutional and financial capacity to address this alone and have to raise private sector finance to supplement their own resources and government grants. The borrowing of capital requires a well‐run administration that is able to raise sufficient revenue to meet all running costs, including loan redemption. Municipalities are showing increasing interest in municipal service partnerships (MSPs), including public‐private partnerships (PPPs), as a way of improving efficiency and accessing capital markets. This raises a number of challenges that include understanding and dealing with the continuing negative perceptions of the role of the private sector; clarifying the roles of the private sector and the government, especially local government; and addressing those issues necessary to produce effective and efficient MSPs in South Africa.     

地方政府在文化产业发展中的角色定位

文化产业是新兴的特殊产业,属于服务业的范畴,其发展已引起中央和各级地方政府的高度重视。研究地方政府在文化产业中的定位具有重要的现实意义誊文章从有限政府理论这一视角入手,分析地方政府在文化产业发展中存在的、问题,提出政府角色定位需要遵循的原则,建设性地提出地方政府在文化产业发展中的合理定位。     

SOUTH AFRICA'S INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS: AN EVOLVING SYSTEM

Across Africa, Latin America, Asia and the transition economies of Eastern Europe, the need to enhance the capability and capacity of sub‐national governments (SNGs) in providing public goods and services has become a main theme of development programmes. Central to this theme is the need to design an intergovernmental fiscal relations (IGFR) system that enhances the effectiveness of sub‐national governments in mobilizing revenues and implementing expenditure programmes. For South Africa, the post‐1994 dispensation has involved significant reforms to the structure and administrative capacity of the three spheres of government. Critical to these reforms is the need to formulate an IGFR framework that takes cognisance of South Africa's past, and serves as an effective policy tool in ensuring that public sector service delivery is well structured and managed. This paper provides an analysis of South Africa's evolving IGFR system. It outlines the historical evolution of the current IGFR system, identifies current challenges, and discusses implications that these challenges have for the functioning of the IGFR system. The general conclusion emerging from this study is that in the South African context, the key elements necessary for an effective IGFR system are in place. Ongoing reforms have improved the capacity of provincial and municipal authorities in carrying out their revenue and expenditure responsibilities. However, the evolving nature of South Africa's IGFR system requires that significant attention be devoted towards enhancing coordination between delivery departments and improving the capacity of many SNGs. These should not only aid the effective functioning of the IGFR system but also ensure that the gains of decentralisation are sustainable.