人口老龄化对城乡收入不平等的影响效应研究——基于中国二元经济结构演变的视角

理论分析表明,二元经济结构下人口老龄化能够通过要素禀赋结构调整和社会福利改善对城乡居民收入产生不同的收入效应和替代效应,进而影响城乡收入不平等。利用中国2000-2014年省际面板数据进行实证检验发现：中国人口老龄化显著的扩大了城乡收入不平等,但要素禀赋结构和社会福利水平对老龄化条件下的城乡收入不平等影响效应不同;随着对老年人口供养负担的加重,社会福利支出对老龄化条件下的城乡收入不平等主要表现为替代效应,城市偏向的社会福利支出使得农村因照料老人引起的劳动力供给减少扩大了城乡收入不平等;而要素禀赋结构的转变则使得老龄化主要表现为收入效应,劳动力相对资本的稀缺性导致转移劳动力工资上涨,从而缩小了城乡收入不平等;随着老龄化深化,通过社会福利改善和要素禀赋结构调整能够有效抵消老龄化对城乡收入不平等的负面影响;研究也证实了二元经济结构的优化和农业规模化经营对城乡收入不平等的缩小作用,而失业率上升和城乡投资差距却会加剧城乡收入不平等。     

基础设施的城乡收入分配效应:基于劳动力转移的视角

本文考察了基础设施的城乡收入分配效应,探讨了基础设施缩小城乡收入差距的原因和机制。基准分析发现,交通和通讯基础设施均可以带来显著的收入分配改善效果,即具有缩小城乡收入差距的作用。进一步分析表明,基础设施可以同时提高农村居民收入和城镇居民收入,是一种帕累托改进,且对农村居民收入的提升作用更为显著,因而总体上可以缩小城乡收入差距。本文还对基础设施缩小城乡收入差距的影响机制做了进一步分析,发现基础设施能够有效促进农业劳动力向非农部门转移,从而提高农业部门边际劳动生产率和农村居民收入,进而缩小城乡收入差距。     

城镇化缩小城乡收入差距了吗?——基于全国31省区2004—2013年面板数据的实证分析

基于空间杜宾模型构建城乡收入差距模型,并运用2004-2013年的相关数据进行实证分析。结果表明:中国城镇化水平提高对缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的作用,但是不显著;经济发展水平、人力资本水平的提高和基础设施建设投入对缩小城乡收入差距具有显著的促进作用;产业结构的非农化进一步加剧了城乡收入差距。各要素具有空间交互作用,城镇化水平、产业结构非农化和基础设施建设投入在省区间具有竞争效应,会使本省区城乡收入差距扩大;人均收入水平和人力资本水平的提高对本省区缩小城乡收入差距具有积极的促进作用。因此,各省区在制定缩小城乡收入差距战略时不仅要考虑本省区自身的发展战略,同时要注意与邻接省区战略的协调。     

城市化进程对城乡居民收入和消费不平等的影响

城市化水平的提高不仅改变了人口在城乡之间的分布结构,也使得由收入和消费衡量的城乡居民相对福利水平发生了变化。城乡收入差距和不平等呈逐渐扩大趋势,但城乡消费的不平等显示出逐渐缩小的特征。经验分析证明,以城市人口密度增加为特征的集中型城市化道路,也是一个有效的途径。消除城市劳动力市场的所有制分割,扩大非国有部门就业比重对于缩小城乡收入不平等,具有积极的效应。与之相应,选择合适的政策有助于中国未来的城市化进程和城乡之间福利水平的共同提高。     

金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响——基于中部六省2000-2011年面板数据的实证分析

为了研究金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响,论文采用了以城乡居民人口比重加权的基尼系数,以金融发展规模、金融发展效率作为衡量金融发展的指标,选取了合理的控制变量,基于中部六省2000-2011年的面板数据,借鉴并扩展了Clark,Xu和Zou的模型进行回归分析。实证结果表明,城乡收入差距与金融发展规模、金融发展效率存在协整关系;金融发展规模显著缩小了城乡收入差距,金融发展效率显著扩大了城乡收入差距,且前者的影响弱于后者,金融发展总体上对城乡收入差距的扩大具有显著的正向影响。第一、第二产业、城镇化都显著缩小了城乡收入差距,人力资本和农林水事务支出的影响不显著。城乡收入差距自身具有较强的、显著的、滞后效应。最后本文给出了相应的政策建议。     

城镇化加速发展时期的产业结构变迁与城乡收入差距——基于西部省级面板数据的分析

选取西部12个省区1992—2012年的省级面板数据,对城镇化加速发展阶段产业结构变动与城乡居民收入差距进行实证分析。结果显示:城镇化进程拉大了城乡收入差距;产业结构合理化缩小了城乡收入差距,而产业结构高级化对城乡收入差距未能产生显著影响;其他影响因素中,经济增长水平显著扩大了城乡收入差距;政府对经济活动的参与程度、经济开放程度、财政支农政策缩小了城乡收入差距。     

长江经济带旅游产业发展缩小城乡收入差距的门槛效应研究

城乡收入差距是制约长江经济带地区实现共同富裕的重要因素,近年来长江经济带地区旅游产业蓬勃发展,其是否显著缩减了城乡收入差距得到了较多关注。运用长江经济带110个地级市2005—2020年的面板数据,进行全局空间相关性检验,构建空间滞后模型,运用面板门槛回归模型检验旅游业发展是否对城乡收入差距存在非线性效应。得出结论,经过全局空间相关性检验存在空间相关性的前提下,长江经济带地级市旅游产业发展起到了显著缩小城乡收入差距的作用;第二,选用旅游业发展、区域经济发展和城镇化发展作为门槛变量,检验结果表明旅游产业发展对城乡收入差距的影响都表现为存在双重门槛效应,三个门槛变量均对城乡收入差距起到先扩大后缩小的倒“U”形变化规律。提出应不断挖掘旅游产业在缩小城乡居民收入差距中的发展潜力,持续提高经济发展水平,稳妥推进城镇化建设进程的对策建议。     

地理标志农产品对城乡收入差距的影响研究——基于全国30个省份面板数据的实证分析

在剔除三部门重合地理标志农产品后，基于2010—2018年中国30个省份的面板数据，构建空间杜宾模型和面板门槛回归模型，实证研究地理标志农产品对城乡收入差距影响的空间溢出效应和非线性影响。研究结果显示，城乡收入差距的空间集聚特征明显，且具有显著的正向空间自相关性；地理标志农产品能够抑制本省域及邻近省域城乡收入差距的扩大；随着经济发展水平的提高、交通基础设施水平的提升，地理标志农产品缩小城乡收入差距的作用逐渐增强。     

对外贸易与中国的城乡收入差距北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章分别从贸易规模、贸易结构和贸易方式视角区分了一般贸易与加工贸易、劳动密集型产品贸易与高新技术产品贸易,实证分析了中国对外贸易对城乡收入差距的影响。实证结果表明:在全国层面,进出口贸易的发展都扩大了城乡收入差距,影响程度都表现为先下降、后上升的基本态势,现阶段进出口贸易对城乡收入差距的影响都是显著的;不同地区对外贸易的发展程度不同,对城乡收入差距的影响效应也不同;同一地区不同类型商品贸易、不同类型贸易方式对城乡收入差距的影响具有不同的效应;同一类型商品贸易、同一类型贸易方式在不同地区也对城乡收入差距的影响具有不同的效应。     

对外贸易与中国的城乡收入差距

文章分别从贸易规模、贸易结构和贸易方式视角区分了一般贸易与加工贸易、劳动密集型产品贸易与高新技术产品贸易,实证分析了中国对外贸易对城乡收入差距的影响。实证结果表明:在全国层面,进出口贸易的发展都扩大了城乡收入差距,影响程度都表现为先下降、后上升的基本态势,现阶段进出口贸易对城乡收入差距的影响都是显著的;不同地区对外贸易的发展程度不同,对城乡收入差距的影响效应也不同;同一地区不同类型商品贸易、不同类型贸易方式对城乡收入差距的影响具有不同的效应;同一类型商品贸易、同一类型贸易方式在不同地区也对城乡收入差距的影响具有不同的效应。     

The trend of the Gini coefficient of China (1978–2010)

ABSTRACT

This study proposes a new approach to analyse the effects of an overlap term on the calculation of the overall Gini coefficient and estimates China’s Gini ratios since the adoption of the economic reform and open-door policies. A decomposition of the Chinese Gini coefficient for 1978–2010 reveals that the key factor contributing to income inequalities is the income disparity between rural and urban inhabitants. We further investigate the features of this income inequality between rural and urban areas and employ statistical approaches to evaluate the effects of urbanisation and rural-to-urban average income on nationwide income inequality. The results show that accelerating the pace of urbanisation is mainly responsible for decreasing China’s income disparity. Drawing on these results, we conclude with suggestions for related policies.     

非农就业机会不平等对地区间农村收入差距的影响分析

文章通过建立农村收入模型，分析了东、中、西部地区间的农村收入差距。分析结果表明，农村地区间的工资性收入差距是构成农村收入差距的重要因素。区域间农村工业化发展水平和城市非农部门发展水平差异所造成的非农就业机会的不平等，以及农民在获得非农就业机会能力上的差异是导致地区间农村工资性收入差距的主要原因。     

Expenditure Inequality in Indonesia, 2008–2010: A Spatial Decomposition Analysis and the Role of Education

Based on the 2008–2010 Susenas panel data, this study examines expenditure inequality from spatial perspectives in Indonesia, using three decomposition methods: (i) a conventional Theil index decomposition; (ii) an alternative Theil index decomposition proposed by Elbers et al. (2008); and (iii) the Blinder?Oaxaca decomposition. Our results show that overall inequality in per capita expenditure increases between 2008 and 2010, which coincides with a rising trend in the official Gini coefficient. The contribution of inequality within urban and rural areas to total inequality is larger than that of inequality between urban and rural areas. Looking within urban and rural areas, urban inequality is significantly higher than rural inequality. Java‐Bali in particular records very high urban inequality. Overall, urban inequality increases, urban–rural inequality remains stable, rural inequality decreases, and inequality at the national level increases. Although urban–rural inequality has a relatively low share in overall inequality, the share is not small enough to ignore its impact. Furthermore, when using the alternative decomposition method, the contribution of urban–rural inequality increases substantially. The present study also found that educational differences appear to have played an important role in expenditure inequality within urban areas and between urban and rural areas.     

收入差距与环境质量的关系——基于安徽省扩展的EKC假说验证

文章首先估计了安徽城乡的收入差距指标(基尼系数),利用自1989-2011年的环境质量指标、收入水平以及基尼系数数据,不仅考察了收入水平与环境质量间的倒U型关系,也证实了收入差距、特别是城镇收入差距对安徽环境质量产生重要影响,即随着收入差距的扩大,环境质量呈现恶化趋势。因此,在注重环境管制的同时,缩小收入差距,提高人们对环境政策制定的参与度,将有利于提高环境质量水平。     

China＇s Pattern of Growth： Moving to Sustainability and Reducing Inequality

I. Introduction China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth has averaged 9.4 percent per annum since1978. As a result of this impressive growth, millions of people were lifted out of poverty. Economic reforms implemented over the last 25 years have certainly been instrumental in the remarkable growth performance, leading to higher productivity growth than in the pre- reform period. Nevertheless, it is widely agreed that China’s growth during this period has been resource intensive, drawing…     

Education expansion,assortative marriage,and income inequality in China

In this paper, we study the pattern of assortative marriage in China since 1990 and its impact on income inequality. The results indicate that men in China are increasingly likely to marry women of similar education levels. We calculate the counterfactual income inequality that would prevail if marriages were randomly matched in terms of education. In 2005, China's overall Gini coefficient of household income per capita would decline from 0.512 to 0.476 if marriages were randomly matched. In urban areas, assortative marriage in education increased the Gini coefficients from 0.321 to 0.338 in 2009. The decomposition exercise shows that the rising returns to education contribute most to the increase in income inequality in urban areas between 1990 and 2009, while the change in marriage assortativeness plays a minor role.     

Income inequality and subjective wellbeing: Panel data evidence from China

Using four waves of longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we examine the effects of income inequality on subjective wellbeing (SWB). We take a dual approach in measuring income inequality, and thus, we examine the effects of inequality using province-level Gini coefficient as well as between-group inequality or identity-related inequality defined as the income gap between migrants without urban household registration identity (hukou) and urban residents. We find negative effects of both province-level income inequality and between-group income inequality on SWB, measured by life satisfaction. Our results also show that the effects of income inequality on SWB is stronger for rural hukou residents compared to urban hukou residents. These findings are robust to alternative ways of measuring SWB and income inequality. In addition, we find evidence suggesting that neighbourhood trust is an important channel through which income inequality operates to reduce SWB. We suggest policies that promote trust in communities with high inequality with a view of addressing the negative effects of inequality on SWB.     

Inequality in China revisited. The effect of functional distribution of income on urban top incomes,the urban-rural gap and the Gini index, 1978–2015

Most analyses explain the increase in China's overall inequality during the reform period principally by means of the expansion of urban-rural income gap. This paper tries to state a relationship between functional distribution of income and China's Gini index. After presenting the main theoretical contributions that clarify the general relationship among those variables, we describe the mechanism that has connected them during the last decades in the Chinese economy. There exists a link between falling wage share, rising urban households' top incomes, urban-rural income gap and the Gini coefficient. These relationships are analysed for both the pre and post-crisis periods. After estimating the main relationships, the paper ends with a discussion on the ability of potential redistributive policies to reverse this pattern of inequality.     

广西农民收入的地区差异及其收入来源分解

文章根据2011年广西各地的农民纯收入数据,运用基尼系数的定义以及收入来源分解公式,度量了广西农民收入的地区差异以及对该差异进行收入来源分解。结果表明,广西农民收入的地区差异要低于全国省际间水平,工资性收入在总收入中的比重偏小,家庭经营性纯收入的地区差异最小,财产性收入是唯一能扩大地区收入差距的收入来源,转移性收入能降低地区间的收入差异,不过由于对总体不平等的贡献较小,其作用还有待进一步加强。     

农村居民收入差距及其演变的思考——基于浙江农村固定观察点调查数据的分析

基于浙江农村固定观察点1993—2007年的调查数据，运用五等分和基尼系数及相关指数对农村居民的收入差距及其演变趋势进行考察，并对考察结果进行分析。结果发现，浙江农村居民的收入差距不仅始终较大，已经处于差距偏大行列，而且近年在高位波动中呈现攀升态势，导致“两极”分化较为严重；浙江农村居民的收入差距主要源于农村工业化进程中非农就业机会和非农收入分配的不平等，是市场机制对人力资本的正常回报。因此，其最优的解决措施应是在保持经济效率的基础上，为各个阶层提供更加公平的发展机会和分享社会成果的机会。