地方政府非税收入管理规范化分析

以行政事业性收入和专项收入为主要内容的非税收入是地方财政收入的重要来源,对收入的再分配发挥着巨大作用,同时也是地方政府行使各项职能的重要基础。随着我国经济实力的不断提升,地方政府的非税收入总量也不断上升,非税收入占地方财政总收入的比重不断提高。但是,受包括分税制财政体制在内的多种因素的影响,非税收入的管理也呈现出法制缺失、管理失范、规模无序膨胀等多层次的问题。要实现地方政府非税收入管理规范化,必须正本清源,将非税收入纳入预算内管理,同时要加强对非税收入管理的监督,建立健全非税收入管理的配套措施。     

加强非税收入管理 增强财政调控能力

非税收入是政府参与国民收入再分配的主要形式之一，也是重要的政府财政收入。加强非税收入管理，对增强财政调控能力、优化财政收入结构、理顺政府分配关系具有较重要的意义。本文结合笔者多年的工作经验，就如何加强非税收入管理来增强财政调控能力进行了较为深入的探讨，具有一定的参考价值。     

非税收入管理存在的问题及对策思考

近年来，非税收入在非规范化机制条件下急剧膨胀，很快形成了与税收收入并驾齐驱的局面。在当前地方财政日显窘迫的情况下，如何加强非税收入管理，最大程度地发挥其经济和社会效益，已成为我们各级政府迫需要解决的现实课题。     

试论地方财政非税收入现实问题与对策

近年来，非税收入占地方财政的比重越来越大；同时，非税收入使用和管理存在着诸多问题，影响到了国家宏观调控，容易滋生腐败和三乱现象，亟待研究加以解决。本文论述了地方财政非税收入存在的现实问题以及对社会经济的影响，通过探析根源后，提出了改进和完善非税收入管理的建议和对策。     

政府行为、市场化与城乡经济和谐发展——基于VAR模型的实证分析

城乡经济和谐发展是构建和谐社会的基本要求。本文以城乡收入差距为切入点,选取1978年—2011年的相关数据,运用VAR模型,从政府行为和市场化程度两个角度对城乡经济和谐发展程度进行研究。结果表明：政府行为、市场化程度与城乡经济和谐发展之间存在长期均衡关系;财政收支效率、国内经济市场化程度的提高有利于城乡经济的和谐发展,而财政分权、对外经济市场化程度的提高则不利于城乡经济的和谐发展。因此,可从协调财政收支比例,扩大财政支农规模;改进财政分权体制,优化地方政府财政支出结构;推进国内市场化进程,提高农村市场化水平;降低对外依存度,缩小城乡教育差距等途径来推进城乡经济的和谐发展。     

建设行业非税收入征缴的管理与优化

近年来财政部不断加强非税收入收缴管理改革,中央和地方在研究完善非税收入收缴管理制度、推进非税收入收缴电子化管理等方面做了大量工作,取得了良好成效。建设行业非税收入收缴管理制度实施以来,注册中心作为非税收入收缴管理体系中中央执收单位,在十几年的收费工作中积累了丰富的经验,依法履行收费职责,将考试收入及时、足额地缴入财政汇缴专户,保证了建设行业考试经费供给,增强了财政宏观调控能力。而地方建设厅及人事司所属各缴款单位,积极履行收费职责,严格按收入收缴程序办事,将考试收入及时、足额上缴财政汇缴专户,保证了建设行业考试经费供给,增强了财政宏观调控能力。文章介绍了建设行业非税收入管理的进展及过程,在总结建设行业注册中心非税收入管理取得的成绩的基础上,分析了建设行业注册中心非税收入管理存在的问题,在此基础上,文章提出了建设行业注册中心非税收入收缴管理优化的建议,并对建设行业注册中心收费标准进行调整提供了思路。     

财政分权、地方政府竞争与区域城镇化的动态关系——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

本文利用2005-2013年全国29个省区面板数据,从支出和收入分权角度,对财政分权(政府纵向竞争)、地方政府竞争(横向竞争)与区域城镇化的动态关系进行实证研究,重点对影响城镇化的财政分权与地方政府竞争综合效应进行分析。研究表明:财政支出分权度对城镇化的促进作用大于收入分权;分权度与地方政府竞争的综合效应存在明显的区域性差异,东西部地区尤其显著。认为要实现新型城镇化,应加快推动财税体制改革,减轻地方政府负担,同时加强对于东中西部区际产业转移的鼓励和引导,实现三大区域利用外资比例的动态平衡。     

财政自主与公共支出效率:自地方政府实践维度观察

公共支出效率主要受相对财政自主——地方政府自有收入在支出中的比例——的正面影响。这表明了分权确立独立主体的激励型好处,但更受绝对财政自主——地方政府自有收入——的负面影响,意味着我国分权缺乏相应的控制和问责机制,所谓的财政自主还没有达到规范意义上的要求。因此,我国地方分权应坚持,但配套的公共财政包括公共预算制度更应尽快建立和健全。     

日本财政分权与经济增长

本文利用计量经济模型及其相关数据分析了日本财政分权与经济增长之间的关系。模型中引入了财政分权水平、地区收入自主水平、地区相对富裕度、国库支出金与全部财政支出的比值等因素作为重要的解释变量,通过相关系数的计算、拟合误差对比检验,来探究它们与经济增长之间的关系。研究结果表明:财政支出分权在一定程度上促进了经济的增长,而地区收入自主水平以及国库支出金占全部财政支出的比值则阻碍了经济的增长。     

财政票据管理面临的问题及应对策略

随着财政体制改革的不断深入,非税收入征管越来越引起各级领导的高度重视。财政票据管理工作,作为财务管理工作的源头和基础,非税收入收缴管理的核心,在非税收入管理中有着不容忽视的重要性。然而,财政票据管理也面临诸多问题,需要以制度建设为基础,促进财政票据管理规范化、精细化;以现代科技为载体,促进财政票管理科学化、电子化;以基础工作为核心,全面促进财政票据管理常态化、服务化。     

Fiscal Stabilization Policy and Fiscal Institutions

In this paper we analyse counter-cyclical fiscal policy withinthe context of a microfounded analysis of business-cycle stabilization.We show that tax and spending instruments can have a usefulcounter-cyclical role, even after allowing for the distortionarynature of the instruments and the need for debt sustainability.A critical barrier to the use of fiscal instruments may be politicaleconomy concerns, and we survey recent suggestions involvingalternative fiscal policy institutions. Footnotes ¹ E-mail addresses: c.b.leith{at}socsci.gla.ac.uk; s.wren-lewis{at}exeter.ac.uk     

Fiscal Pacts

Fiscal pacts have recently played important roles in stabilization policies, particularly in Latin America. The ability of pacts to achieve austerity is examined in a game of competition among pressure groups for fiscal influence. Coalitions can freely communicate about what strategies to play and make contingent threats to the strategies of others. The credibility of fiscal pacts (strong, coalition-proof and far-sighted strong equilibria) is shown to depend critically on how acquiescence to private sector pressure enters the government's payoff function. We interpret these results in the context of austerity successes and failures in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.     

Controlling Fiscal Corruption

This paper examines the issue of how to control fiscal corruption by providing incentives to fiscal officers. A model is developed to portray the incentive effects. The results indicate that simply providing bonuses is not enough. Corruption at higher levels of management has to be contained so as to allow bonuses to become more effective, and thereby to initiate a “virtuous circle”. These findings are supported by a case study of a successful attack on fiscal corruption in Ghana.     

Rethinking Fiscal Policy

The use of fiscal policy as a stabilization device has all butvanished, more or less explicitly in Europe and de facto inthe United States. The practical consequences have not beenentirely satisfactory, in either place. So it is important andtimely that the Oxford Review is devoting a special issue tothe macroeconomics of fiscal policy. In this paper I want todiscuss two underlying questions about the eclipse of fiscalpolicy. Why did this happen and was it a good idea? And if itwas not a good idea, then what follows? Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: jamu{at}mit.edu     

Fiscal sustainability in Japan

This paper investigates fiscal sustainability of Japan by providing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that features the low interest rate of the government bond relative to the economic growth rate to mimic the actual data. We evaluate fiscal sustainability by investigating whether the expected path of the debt-to-GDP ratio stabilizes or increases without bound. The debt-to-GDP ratio depends crucially on the projected growth rate and the fiscal policy rule. If the government does not react to the current fiscal crisis, the debt-to-GDP ratio will increase without bound, and then the fiscal policy is not sustainable. If the fiscal rule uses Bohn’s (1998) idea that involves the response of the primary surplus to the debt, sustainability improves. This rule provides a useful and realistic reform plan in the short and long runs.     

Financial Integration and Fiscal Policy

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of financial integration on fiscal policy. Using an unbalanced panel of 31 OECD countries from 1970 to 2009, the paper shows that financial integration has significant disciplinary effects by reducing fiscal deficits and (discretionary) spending volatility. In addition, we find that financial integration affects the composition of government debt and enhances risk-sharing by increasing the share of foreign debt to the total. The results are robust to both de jure and de facto measures of financial integration, different measures of budget balance, and different estimation strategies.     

Fiscal policy and Dutch disease

In this paper we revisit the Dutch disease paying particular attention to the role of specific factors of production and capital stock dynamics. The main insight is that if the natural resource rich windfall is substantial but not large enough for the country to become a rentier, capital goods must be produced at home and adjustment to natural resource windfall takes time. It takes time to build this home-grown capital. Specific factors are crucial to explain the dynamic responses of the real exchange rate, capital intensities and wages in response to a natural resource windfall. If a country is small and the windfall is large, it may be able to import capital and migrant labour in which case the Dutch disease can be avoided.