How does Bank Capital Affect Bank Profitability and Risk? Evidence from China's WTO Accession

This paper examines how bank capital affects bank profitability and risk in China, and how its impact differed before and after the nation entered the WTO. Our study uses the dynamic generalized method of moments approach with a panel database containing 171 Chinese commercial banks. We find that bank capital has significant influence on bank profitability and risk, but its impact has declined since China joined the WTO in 2001. For different sized groups, the impact of capital on profitability exhibits a distinct trend. The effects of capital on bank risk are different for large and small banks depending on the risk variables used for the Chinese banking industry.     

Comparison of Bank Profitability in China and the USA

This paper examines and compares the profitability of banks in the USA and China. The USA has the largest market‐based banking system and the financial system of China is still bank‐based. Our analysis indicates that in terms of profitability, banks in China outperformed those in the USA during our study period (2008–2014). Real estate loans had an adverse effect on US bank profitability during the financial crisis and no effect after the crisis but consistently improved the profitability of Chinese banks. Interest margins have no effect on US bank profitability but a consistently positive effect on Chinese banks, confirming that China is a traditional bank‐based economy. Interbank loans have a positive and significant effect on Chinese bank profitability, while interbank domestic loans have a negative effect on US bank profitability. Finally, size had a positive effect on US banks after the financial crisis period, confirming the scale economies of large US banks, but a negative effect on Chinese banks, indicating diseconomies of scale.     

Does Property Rights Reform Improve the Efficiency of China＇s State-owned Banks？

China ＂s state-owned banks have undergone radical changes over the past two decades, including partial privatization and listing in both the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. This paper evaluates the effects of these changes by analyzing the efficiency of Chinese banks over the period 1998-2012 using two frontier techniques and comparative analysis. The findings suggest that the performance and technical efficiency of the Big Four banks improved considerably after property rights reform, but this improvement is not sufficient to keep the banks at the production frontier. Tobit regressions confirm that static ownership effects are negative but that the property rights reform has had significant and positive effects on the technical efficiency of state-owned commercial banks. GDP growth and the financial crisis have had positive effects on the efficiency of Chinese banks, which is more significant for joint stock commercial banks than state-owned commercial banks. The results indicate the value of ownership reforms of state-owned asset management companies and insurance companies and the establishment of a countercyclical capital buffer.     

Bank financial structure in pre-crisis East and Southeast Asia

Seeking evidence on the role of bank governance in the 1997 crisis, we study financial structure and bank performance from 1987 to 1997. Financial performance ratios (capital adequacy, liquidity, profitability, and loan preference) are regressed on structural variables (bank assets, net income, administrative expenses, and time), focusing on banks’ management efficiency and financial performance. During financial liberalization, loan-preference ratios were higher, perhaps signaling more risk; so were capital-adequacy ratios. Capital adequacy falls, then rises as management size increases; profitability behaves oppositely, indicating diminishing returns. Thailand’s, Korea’s and Indonesia’s banks show stronger lending preference but weaker profitability; possible harbingers of crisis.     

资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响研究——来自新兴经济体的经验证据

资本账户开放对一国宏观经济至关重要。文章总结了资本账户开放影响商业银行风险的财富与估值效应、周期效应、道德风险效应和竞争效应,利用2011-2017年期间22个新兴经济体111家商业银行的微观数据,构建动态面板广义矩估计（GMM）模型实证检验了资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响,并且进行了异质性检验。实证结果显示：（1）资本账户开放与商业银行风险呈正U型关系。（2）资本越雄厚、规模越大的商业银行抵抗资本账户开放影响的能力越强。为避免银行体系风险的过度积累,政府应考虑银行业资本充足情况与宏观经济情况,不断探索宏观审慎工具,合理安排资本账户开放程度。     

中国上市银行流动性风险综合评价研究——基于因子分析法的应用

文章从流动性储备、负债稳定性、期限结构错配程度、资本充足性、市场利率风险和盈利性六个维度选择12个流动性风险评价指标,基于因子分析法对中国上市银行2012年底的流动性风险进行综合评价。实证结论显示:同业负债成为新的银行流动性风险诱因;中长期贷款占比的下降有助于改善资产负债期限错配,降低流动性风险。现行的流动性风险监管指标难以全面反映银行流动性风险的实情,建议增加"同业负债比例"和"流动负债依存度"两个指标。     

我国商业银行的特殊性对其公司治理的影响分析

目前,对商业银行公司治理的研究常忽略了商业银行公司治理的特殊性,导致商业银行局部面临较大的风险和整个银行体系的脆弱性。文章从资本结构、委托—代理关系、资本市场并购机制、存款保险和中央银行最后贷款人制度、政府管制和分支机构管理六个方面分析商业银行特殊性对其公司治理影响。认为商业银行公司治理不仅要保护股东和债权人的利益,也应该照顾到所有利益相关者,同时还须考虑到整个金融系统和宏观经济的安全稳定。     

Explaining Interest Rate Spreads in Ghana*

Abstract: The question of the optimal spread between bank lending rates and rates that banks pay on deposits, which is fair to bankers, depositors and borrowers, has dogged economies for some time. In Ghana, there is widespread perception that the spread is too wide. Bankers, on the other hand justify the spread on the basis of economic variables that affect them. This paper contributes to the literature by identifying, in the case of Ghana, the short‐run response of the net interest margin of banks to changes in bank‐specific, industry‐specific and macroeconomic variables within the broad framework of Ho and Saunders (1981) . We find that increases in the following factors significantly increase net interest margin — bank market power (or concentration), bank size, staff costs, administrative costs, extent of bank risk aversion and the rate of inflation. On the other hand, increases in the following variables decrease net interest margin significantly — bank excess cash reserves, the central bank lending rate, management efficiency and the passage of time. To help reduce interest rate margins, we recommend that banks should not get too big, the central bank should consider lowering the capital adequacy ratio and banks should be required to pass on to borrowers the full extent of reductions or increases in the central bank lending rate. Continued efforts at keeping inflation at bay will also help.     

资本充足率、存款准备金率与货币政策银行信贷传导——基于银行业市场结构的分析

基于垄断竞争的银行业市场结构,研究银行在受到资本充足率和存款准备金率双重约束条件下,在面对货币政策冲击的情况下所做出的最优信贷决策行为。通过构造贷款市场总体均衡模型,得出以下结论:当银行满足资本充足率和存款准备金率要求时,货币政策的银行信贷传导渠道表现出有效性;而当贷款市场中的银行不能满足资本充足率或存款准备金率要求时,货币政策的银行信贷传导渠道则表现出无效性。     

存款准备金率调整对商业银行流动性创造的影响研究——基于互联网金融冲击的情境

商业银行的超额准备金与法定存款准备金都存放在中央银行的特定账户上。二者之间此消彼长的关系,决定了中央银行可以依托调节存款准备金率来影响商业银行的流动性创造行为。本文着眼于存款准备金率政策实施的动态过程,通过整理2011—2018年20家商业银行的非平衡面板数据,采用系统广义矩估计(System-GMM)方法进行动态面板回归模型估计,考察以P2P为代表的互联网金融快速发展对大型国有银行与中小银行流动性创造的冲击与影响,实证研究证实存款准备金率对我国商业银行的流动性创造行为会产生显著影响。互联网金融的发展虽然对不同银行流动性创造水平的抑制存在一定的异质性差异,但是对银行总体流动性创造能力具有一定的抑制作用,因此会在一定程度上削弱存款准备金率政策作用效果。     

Cooperation Satisfaction and Performance： Empirical Evidence from Chinese Banks and Their Foreign Strategic Investors

In this paper, we investigate whether the mutual satisfaction of Chinese banks and foreign strategic investors （FSI） in terms of their cooperation with each other affects the performance of Chinese banks＇. Since 2004, China ＇s banking authority has conducted an annual survey on Chinese banks and their FSI, assessing levels of mutual satisfaction in terms of their cooperation. We use these survey results to examine the effects of satisfaction levels on the profitability of Chinese banks. Our results reveal that satisfaction affects profitability; that is, satisfied foreign investors and Chinese banks yield better performance. Satisfaction determinants for each party are also examined. Although the profitability of Chinese banks does not show a significant effect on the satisfaction of either party, bank loan to deposit ratios, regions of FSI home countries, and the type of Chinese banks＇ are important factors that might affect satisfaction.     

The Performance of Islamic Vs. Conventional Banks: Evidence on the Suitability of the Basel Capital Ratios

This paper examines the effect of various types of bank capital on the profitability and efficiency of conventional and Islamic banks. Our results show that higher quality forms of capital improve the profitability and efficiency for both systems although the results are stronger for conventional banks. The capital effect is more pronounced for large, too-big-to-fail, and highly capitalized banks. The results are robust across various subsamples, alternative profitability and efficiency measures, and different estimation techniques.     

中国银行业上市公司资本结构的影响因素分析

资本结构决策是企业融资决策的核心问题。本文基于银行业自身的特殊性,对相关数据进行统计分析,探讨了我国商业银行资本结构的现状,并利用主成分分析法对影响商业银行资本结构的因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,所提炼的三个主成分因素中,资产的风险状况、盈利能力与资产负债率负相关,而银行的资产规模对资产负债率的影响并不显著。     

我国商业银行盈利性、增长性和充足性分析

资本硬约束下如何更好地协调盈利性和安全性成为我国商业银行急需解决的问题。本文以银行资本充足率为主线,对银行的盈利性、增长性和充足性三者之间的内在联系进行了理论上和实证上的系统性分析。笔者认为三因素存在着相互制约的内在联系,特别值得提出的是,目前我国商业银行一直存在着由高增长带来的“规模情结”,这不仅不利于保证安全性和流动性,也将在追求短期盈利性的同时导致资本约束瓶颈。     

规模约束和资本约束下银行信贷管理研究

信贷管理是商业银行经营管理的核心内容,包括信贷规模管理和信贷合同管理两个方面,加强信贷规模管理和信贷合同管理是商业银行精细化管理的重要组成部分。在当前中央银行加强对商业银行规模控制以及实施新的《商业银行资本管理办法》的背景下,采用VAR方法和情景分析法实证分析了规模约束下和资本充足率约束下的信贷管理问题。结果发现：第一,规模约束直接影响商业银行的信贷规模,其中存款准备金率比存贷款利率对贷款规模影响显著,但存在4个月的时滞;第二,资本充足率约束直接影响到商业银行的信贷合同签订比例,按照新的资本管理办法,已签未贷合同需要增加资本金以覆盖其风险。     

The Competitiveness of Commercial Banks in Ghana

Abstract: The paper empirically investigates the degree of bank competition and intermediation efficiency in Ghana. The evidence obtained suggests a non‐competitive market structure in the Ghanaian banking system, which hampers financial intermediation. The study also finds that Ghanaian banks are monopolistically competitive. It is argued that the structure, as well as the other markets characteristics, constitutes an indirect barrier to entry thereby shielding the large profits in the Ghanaian banking system. Further, it is argued that policies that encourage and stimulate greater consolidation in the financial sector would go a long way to enhance competition among banks and improve efficiency and profitability.     

商业银行业绩评价结构方程实证

科学的评价商业银行经营业绩有利于银行预测和控制风险,提高其经济效益和经营效率,因此,对商业银行经营业绩的研究具有重要意义。文章从流动性、安全性、盈利性和成长性四个方面选出15个指标采用结构方程模型分析法进行实证分析,得出各家商业银行在四个因子方面的得分和综合评价得分,由此对各家商业银行进行排序。最后根据实证分析结果,给出改善和提高我国商业银行经营业绩的几点建议     

Financial Crises and Structural Change in English Commercial Bank Assets, 1860–1913

The focus of analysis is the relationship between short-term financial shocks and long-term changes in the asset structure of the commercial banks of England and Wales in the decades before World War I. New annual series are presented for the main categories of bank asset ratios and these are tested for structural change. The results emphasize the importance of the financial crises of 1878 and 1890 in the long-term increase in the liquidity of commercial bank assets as the banks shifted their holdings from private sector credits to public sector assets.     

我国商业银行的资本结构演化

巴塞尔协议是普遍接受的银行风险管理的协议、监理标准与指导原则,银监会按照巴塞尔协议的原则对银行进行监管。回顾我国商业银行的发展历程,我国商业银行资本充足率和资本结构在不断改善,但存在融资渠道过于依赖外部资金注入的问题。商业银行应加强自身盈利能力和风险管理能力来提高资本充足率。     

我国商业银行管理会计应用浅析

商业银行管理会计涵盖财务预算、成本核算、盈利分析、业绩评价和资产负债管理等内部管理的核心内容,提供银行发展战略、盈利能力、风险预警和业绩衡量等重要信息。为了充分发挥管理会计在我国商业银行经营管理中的作用,以提高商业银行的经营效益、管理水平和市场竞争力,本文具体阐述了当前我国商业银行管理会计应用与革新的主要内容,并提出了在商业银行推行管理会计的对策建议。